Criminal Law – Rape – Appeal challenging the High Court's reversal of acquittal and conviction of the appellant under Section 376 IPC – Supreme Court analyzed the credibility of prosecutrix’s testimony and absence of medical corroboration for physical injuries – Emphasized that prosecutrix’s evidence, if credible, does not require corroboration in material particulars – Appellant’s contention that the prosecutrix consented to the act was not supported by any defense evidence [Paras 1-16].

Evidence Law – Credibility of Witnesses – Discussed the legal standards for treating the testimony of the prosecutrix as reliable – Noted that discrepancies in the prosecutrix's testimony do not automatically discredit her account – Reinforced that the absence of injuries does not necessarily indicate consent, especially considering the circumstances described by the prosecutrix [Paras 10-12].

Judicial Discretion – Review of Lower Court Decisions – High Court’s reversal of trial court’s acquittal deemed appropriate given the evidence – Emphasized the importance of judicial discretion in evaluating witness testimonies and the context of the alleged crime [Paras 10-16].

Decision – Appeal dismissed – Conviction and sentence of seven years rigorous imprisonment upheld – Supreme Court reiterated the principles of evidence evaluation and judicial discretion in cases of sexual offenses [Paras 16].

Criminal Law – Murder and Attempt to Murder – Appellants convicted under Sections 302 and 307 IPC – High Court affirmed the convictions based on witness testimonies and forensic evidence – Supreme Court reviewed the evidence, highlighting inconsistencies and embellishments in witness statements – Held that grain must be separated from the chaff to ensure justice – Appellants except Balwinder Singh acquitted as prosecution failed to establish beyond reasonable doubt their specific involvement in the shooting [Paras 1-40].

Evidence Law – Credibility and Corroboration – Discussed the legal standards for evaluating witness credibility, especially in faction-ridden societies – Emphasized that mere presence at the crime scene does not implicate individuals as members of an unlawful assembly unless overt acts are proven – Acquittals were based on the lack of corroborative evidence linking the appellants to specific violent acts [Paras 25-39].

Right to Private Defence – Assessment of the right to private defence in the context of land possession – Supreme Court found that the appellants did not exceed their right to private defence – Highlighted the need for proper assessment of defensive acts versus aggressive acts [Paras 43-45].

Decision – Appeal partly allowed – Convictions of Amrik Singh, Rajinder Singh, Jaswinder Singh, Makhan Singh, and Gurdial Singh set aside – Balwinder Singh's conviction upheld – Supreme Court underscored the necessity of corroborative evidence in establishing guilt beyond reasonable doubt [Paras 46-47].

Land Acquisition – Rental Compensation – Appeal challenging High Court's direction to deposit rental compensation at 8% of the award amount passed by the Reference Court – Supreme Court examined the statutory provisions and resolutions by the State of Maharashtra regarding rental compensation – Found that the resolutions mandated rental compensation but did not limit it to the amount awarded by the Land Acquisition Officer – Upheld the High Court’s decision for interim relief based on the enhanced award amount [Paras 1-20].

Review and Recall of Orders – High Court recalled its earlier order directing payment based on an erroneous interpretation of precedent – Supreme Court upheld the recall, noting it was justified given the pending appeals and unresolved disputes regarding the final compensation amount [Paras 13-20].

Interim Relief – The Court emphasized the need for interim relief to be fair and just, balancing the rights of the landowners and the State – Upheld the provision allowing withdrawal of 50% of the deposited amount upon furnishing security [Paras 20].

Decision – Appeal dismissed – High Court's order upheld – Supreme Court provided clarification on the entitlement of enhanced rental compensation proportionate to the final award amount [Para 20].

Criminal Law – Conviction under Sections 498A and 302 IPC – Appeal challenging the High Court's affirmation of conviction and sentence – Supreme Court examined the validity of multiple dying declarations, inconsistencies in witness testimonies, and the role of each accused – Held that the prosecution failed to establish guilt beyond reasonable doubt due to contradictory dying declarations and lack of corroborative evidence – Appellant acquitted [Paras 1-28].

Evidence Law – Multiple Dying Declarations – The Court scrutinized the consistency and credibility of three dying declarations (Ex. P.12, Ex. P.22, and Ex. P.29) – Found significant contradictions regarding the events leading to the incident and the involvement of the accused – Emphasized that the reliability of dying declarations is paramount, and in this case, the discrepancies undermined their trustworthiness [Paras 12-23].

Witness Testimonies – Reliability and Language Barrier – The Court noted that key witnesses, including medical officers, did not speak the same language as the deceased, raising concerns about accurate recording and understanding of her statements – Highlighted the necessity for clear communication in recording dying declarations to ensure their authenticity [Paras 24-26].

Decision – Appeal allowed – Conviction and sentence set aside – Appellant acquitted of all charges – Supreme Court emphasized the importance of consistent and corroborated evidence in upholding convictions [Para 28].

Service Law – Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) – Petitioner challenged the dismissal of his services and sought acceptance of his voluntary retirement application – Petitioner absented himself without approval and moved to the United States for employment – Supreme Court examined the conditions of VRS and emphasized the employer's discretion in accepting retirement applications – Deemed acceptance not applicable in absence of explicit provision in the VRS – Appeal dismissed [Paras 1-16].

Judicial Discretion – Acceptance of Voluntary Retirement – Court reiterated the employer's authority to decide on VRS applications – Highlighted that the petitioner's actions demonstrated a lack of intent to rejoin duty, justifying disciplinary action – Supreme Court found no merit in the petitioner's claim of deemed acceptance based on the expiration of the notice period [Paras 10-15].

Precedent Application – Tek Chand vs. Dile Ram – Court distinguished the present case from the precedent cited by the petitioner – Emphasized that voluntary retirement rules applicable in Tek Chand’s case were different from the VRS conditions of the respondent company – Affirmed the dismissal of the petitioner's service was justified under the specific terms of the VRS [Paras 6-9].

Decision – Special Leave Petition dismissed – No order as to costs – Supreme Court upheld the termination of the petitioner’s services and rejected the plea for deemed acceptance of the voluntary retirement application [Para 16].

Arbitration Law – Enforceability of Foreign Awards – Appeal challenging enforceability of foreign awards passed by GAFTA’s Board of Appeal under Section 48 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 – Supreme Court emphasized the limited scope of inquiry under Section 48, which does not permit a review on merits – Held that procedural defects in foreign arbitration do not necessarily bar enforcement unless they contravene the fundamental policy of Indian law, interests of India, or justice or morality – Appeal dismissed [Paras 1-47].

Public Policy – Interpretation and Application – Court discussed the interpretation of "public policy of India" under Section 48(2)(b) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 – Reiterated that "public policy" for enforcement of foreign awards must be given a narrow meaning – Enforcement can only be refused if contrary to (i) fundamental policy of Indian law, (ii) interests of India, or (iii) justice or morality – Overruled broader interpretation suggested in Phulchand Exports Ltd. v. OOO Patriot [Paras 20-28].

Contractual Compliance – Certification and Evidence – GAFTA awards based on certification from SGS Geneva rather than SGS India, which was specified in the contract – Supreme Court held that while GAFTA may have erred in considering evidence beyond contract terms, such errors do not render awards unenforceable under Section 48 unless they meet the narrow criteria of public policy violations [Paras 30-46].

Decision – Appeal dismissed – Supreme Court upheld the enforceability of GAFTA’s foreign awards, emphasizing the narrow scope of "public policy" under Section 48(2)(b) and the limited review permitted at the enforcement stage [Para 47].

Criminal Law – Murder and Cruelty – Appeal against acquittal by High Court – Supreme Court reviewed evidence including medical reports and witness testimonies – High Court's findings based on conjectural premises were set aside – Medical evidence established death by asphyxia due to drowning and strangulation, not suicide – Conviction under Section 302 IPC restored [Paras 1-28].

Evidence Law – Multiple Witness Testimonies – Court scrutinized the credibility of witness testimonies and medical evidence – Emphasized the importance of forensic evidence and expert testimonies in establishing cause of death – Found High Court’s dismissal of medical evidence erroneous [Paras 12-23].

Judicial Discretion – High Court's Error in Disregarding Medical Evidence – Highlighted the importance of medical expert opinion in homicide cases – Supreme Court held that the High Court was wrong in discarding the testimony of the medical officer who conducted the post-mortem [Paras 22-23].

Decision – Appeal allowed – High Court's order of acquittal set aside – Conviction under Section 302 IPC for murder of Vidya Devi restored – Sentence of life imprisonment reinstated – No separate sentence under Section 498A IPC imposed [Para 29].

Criminal Law – Murder and Evidence – Appeal against acquittal by High Court – Supreme Court reviewed evidence including witness testimonies, the sequence of events, and postmortem findings – High Court’s conclusions found to be erroneous – Circumstantial evidence established the guilt of the accused – Conviction under Section 304 Part II IPC for culpable homicide not amounting to murder upheld [Paras 1-39].

Evidence Law – Circumstantial Evidence – Court analyzed the chain of circumstances linking the accused to the crime – Emphasized the importance of each piece of evidence and the cumulative effect in establishing guilt – Found the High Court failed to consider critical aspects of the evidence [Paras 20-30].

Judicial Discretion – Reassessment of Evidence – Supreme Court stressed the need for proper evaluation of circumstantial evidence and the logical inferences drawn from the facts – High Court's interference with the trial court's findings was deemed unjustified [Paras 31-38].

Decision – Appeal allowed – High Court's order of acquittal set aside – Accused convicted under Section 304 Part II IPC – Sentenced to seven years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 50,000 each – Directed to surrender immediately to serve the remaining sentence [Paras 38-40].

Property Law – Acquisition of Cessed Properties – Appeal challenging the High Court's dismissal of interim relief for the appellants regarding the acquisition of "cessed properties" under the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Act, 1976 – Supreme Court examined the statutory provisions and legislative intent behind the introduction of Chapter VIII-A – Held that the properties were acquired to protect tenants living in dilapidated buildings due to landlords' inability to maintain them owing to frozen rents since 1940 – Appeal dismissed [Paras 1-24].

Public Policy – Rehabilitation of Tenants – Court emphasized the importance of Chapter VIII-A in ensuring the safety and rehabilitation of tenants – Noted that the scheme was tenant-specific, aiming to provide structural repairs or reconstruction of old buildings – Supreme Court rejected the appellant's claim for release from acquisition, reinforcing that the properties vested in MHADA were held in trust for tenant rehabilitation [Paras 5-18].

Judicial Discretion – Interpretation of Vesting and Trust – The Court analyzed the interpretation of "vesting" under Section 103B, affirming that once properties vest in MHADA, they must be used for the intended purpose of tenant rehabilitation – Supreme Court upheld that the cooperative society's formation and the necessary deposits were essential for proceeding with acquisition and rehabilitation under Chapter VIII-A [Paras 21-23].

Decision – Appeal dismissed – Supreme Court upheld the High Court's decision, reinforcing the legislative scheme for tenant protection and rehabilitation under the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Act, 1976 [Para 24].