Facts:

Respondent no. 2, a government employee belonging to the Scheduled Caste, filed an FIR in 2006 against two senior officers (non-Scheduled Caste) for making adverse entries in his Annual Confidential Report. The appellant, in 2011, refused sanction to proceed against the senior officers. Subsequently, in 2016, respondent no. 2 lodged another FIR against the appellant. The appellant sought quashing of the proceedings, which was rejected by the High Court.

Issues:

Whether there is an absolute bar against the grant of anticipatory bail in cases under the Atrocities Act.

Whether procedural safeguards are necessary to prevent false implications and arrests under the Act.

Whether the exclusion of anticipatory bail applies only to genuine cases and not to those where no prima facie case is made out or the allegations are patently false or mala fide.

Held:

The court affirmed its jurisdiction to issue appropriate orders or directions for the enforcement of fundamental rights, emphasizing the need to uphold constitutional values. It reiterated the importance of protecting rights guaranteed under Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution. Para (31, 32)

The court highlighted the objective of the Atrocities Act to prevent atrocities against marginalized communities and promote constitutional values of fraternity and integration. It emphasized the need to prevent perpetuating casteism and stressed the importance of interpreting the Act in a manner that promotes these values. Para (42, 49, 52)

The court ruled that exclusion of anticipatory bail under Section 18 of the Atrocities Act applies only to genuine cases and not to those where no prima facie case is made out or the allegations are patently false or mala fide. It advocated for a purposive interpretation of the law to achieve its objective and emphasized the principle of proportionality. Para (53, 56, 60)

The court underscored the importance of safeguards against false implications and arrests under the Atrocities Act. It directed that arrest of a public servant requires written permission from the appointing authority, and for non-public servants, permission from the Senior Superintendent of Police (S.S.P.) is necessary. Preliminary inquiries must also be conducted before registering an FIR to prevent frivolous or motivated cases. Para (64, 67, 75)

The court concluded that the proceedings against the appellant were liable to be quashed as they amounted to an abuse of the process of the court. Para (82)

Conclusion: The court quashed the proceedings against the appellant. It clarified that there is no absolute bar against anticipatory bail under the Atrocities Act. Procedural safeguards, including permissions for arrest and preliminary inquiries, are necessary to prevent false implications and arrests. The exclusion of anticipatory bail applies only to genuine cases under the Act. The directions provided by the court are prospective.

Facts:

The case involved allegations of conspiracy and financial fraud against the appellant, who was one of the Chief Executive Trustees of a charitable trust in Kerala.

Two FIRs were filed in relation to the same incident - one by a trustee of the trust against the appellant and others, and another by the appellant against respondent No. 3.

The High Court quashed the FIR filed by the appellant, leading to the appeal before the Supreme Court.

Issues:

Whether the subsequent FIR filed against the same accused for the same incident could be quashed.

Whether the High Court's decision to quash the FIR was justified.

Held:

The Supreme Court held that the High Court had committed a jurisdictional error in quashing the subsequent FIR without properly considering the law on the subject. The court referred to previous judgments, including Upkar Singh vs. Ved Prakash and Surender Kaushik vs. State of U.P., which established that while two FIRs for the same incident are generally not permissible, a counter-complaint against one of the accused in the first FIR is legally maintainable and can be tried on its merits.

The court emphasized the importance of considering the specific circumstances of each case before applying general legal principles.

Therefore, the appeal was allowed, setting aside the High Court's order. The trial was directed to proceed on merits, free from any influence from the Supreme Court's observations, and to be completed within a year.

Facts:

The case pertains to the inadequate implementation of the BOCW Act and the Cess Act by the State Governments and Union Territory Administrations (UTAs), despite the enactment of these laws aimed at safeguarding the rights and welfare of construction workers.

Issues:

The failure of the State Governments and UTAs to effectively implement the BOCW Act and the Cess Act, thereby denying construction workers their entitlements and benefits under these legislations.

Held:

The BOCW Act and the Cess Act are considered social justice legislations, enacted to uphold the Directive Principles of State Policy outlined in the Constitution, particularly Articles 39 and 42, which focus on the health, strength, and just and humane conditions of work for workers. Additionally, Article 21 guarantees the fundamental right to a life of dignity for all individuals, including construction workers. (Para 63)

Despite the enactment of laws and directions issued by the government and the court, there has been a lack of substantive change in the condition of construction workers due to the disregard and apathy of State Governments and UTAs. This failure amounts to exploitation of construction workers and reflects a dire need for effective implementation of legislations aimed at their welfare. (Para 64)

Specific directions are issued to strengthen the registration machinery for establishments and construction workers, establish and strengthen machinery for cess collection, frame a comprehensive Model Scheme for the benefit of construction workers, and conduct a social audit on the implementation of the BOCW Act for better future enforcement. (Paras 68, 69, 71, 76)

General directions include the constitution of State Advisory Committees, Expert Committees, appointment of Registering Officers, establishment of Welfare Boards and Funds, issuance of identity cards to construction workers, and extending benefits under various labor laws. (Para 78)

The Union of India is directed to take proactive measures for the management and utilization of cess collected for the welfare of construction workers, ensuring their entitlements are not unjustly deprived. (Para 79)

Facts:

The creditor issued a notice under Section 13(2) of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002, initiating recovery proceedings against the debtor.

The debtor made representations seeking rescheduling of the loan, which the creditor neither considered nor communicated reasons for non-acceptance.

Negotiations ensued between the creditor and debtor, with the debtor repeatedly seeking extensions and making promises to repay, but failing to fulfill obligations.

Despite various opportunities granted by the creditor, the debtor defaulted on payments, leading to the creditor taking symbolic possession of the secured assets.

Issues:

Whether the creditor's failure to reply to the debtor's representation breached Section 13(3A) of the Act.

Whether the inclusion of agricultural land as security interest in the recovery notice was valid under Section 31(i) of the Act.

Whether the creditor's transfer of symbolic possession affected their status as a secured creditor under Section 14 of the Act.

Whether allegations of fraud and collusion between the creditor and auction purchaser were substantiated.

Held:

The failure to furnish a written reply to the debtor's representation did not significantly impact the case, as the creditor had considered the representations during negotiations.

Consequently, the debtor was not entitled to discretionary relief under Article 226 of the Constitution.

The inclusion of agricultural land as security interest was deemed valid, as the land in question was not agricultural land based on its use and purpose.

The creditor retained their status as a secured creditor despite transferring symbolic possession of the assets, as the transfer was not complete under the Transfer of Property Act.

Allegations of fraud and collusion between the creditor and auction purchaser were unfounded, as the mere existence of a dispute did not indicate collusion.

Decision: The Supreme Court allowed the appeals by ITC Limited, affirming the creditor's right to enforce security interest and rejecting the debtor's claims of impropriety.

Facts:

The appellant, Rameshwar Yadav, along with other accused individuals, had filed an application for anticipatory bail during the pendency of a case. Non-bailable warrants were issued against them, prompting them to file an application seeking recall of the warrants and dispensing with their physical appearance in court. The Sub-Divisional Judicial Magistrate rejected the application for exemption from personal appearance, citing reasons such as the accused appearing physically fit and the need for their presence in court for conciliation purposes.

Issues:

Whether the application for exemption from personal appearance under Section 205 CrPC can be made after the accused has appeared in court?

Whether the High Court's dismissal of the application under Section 482 of CrPC was justified?

Whether the Magistrate failed to consider valid grounds presented by the accused for seeking exemption from personal appearance?

Held:

The Supreme Court clarified that the application under Section 205 CrPC was filed before the accused appeared in court and thus, it was not invalid. Additionally, both Section 205 and Section 317 of CrPC empower the magistrate to grant exemption from personal appearance. The High Court's view that the remedy for exemption was only under Section 317 CrPC was deemed erroneous.

The Court criticized the Magistrate for not considering the valid grounds presented by the accused for seeking exemption from personal appearance. It held that sufficient grounds were made out for granting exemption from personal appearance and allowed the appeal.

The judgments of both the High Court and the Sub-Divisional Judicial Magistrate were set aside, and the application filed by the appellants under Section 205 CrPC was allowed, exempting their personal appearance. However, the Court clarified that the magistrate could still pass appropriate orders under Section 205(2) CrPC if and when necessary.

Facts:

The petitioner, Ganga Malik, filed a writ petition seeking relief after her son, Amitava Malik, a Sub-Inspector of Police, was killed while on duty. Amitava Malik was part of a police party attempting to arrest several accused individuals camping at the south bank of river Chhota Rangeet, P.S. Sadar, Darjeeling, when he was fired upon by miscreants. The petitioner sought various reliefs including protection for her family, expeditious trial of the case, and compensation for the loss of her son.

Issues:

Whether the petitioner is entitled to the reliefs sought in the writ petition.

What course of action should be taken regarding the trial of the criminal case and other reliefs sought by the petitioner.

Held:

The court opined that the trial of the criminal case would proceed as per the law. Regarding the other reliefs sought by the petitioner, it was determined that she could approach the State of West Bengal for appropriate relief. Therefore, the court dismissed the writ petition, granting the petitioner the liberty to seek redressal from the concerned authorities for the reliefs sought.

Facts:

The case pertained to a writ petition filed by Bimal Gurung, seeking the transfer of investigation of all FIRs lodged against him and other members of the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM) to an independent investigation agency. The FIRs encompassed various offenses under different statutes, including the IPC and Arms Act.

Gurung alleged that the FIRs were politically motivated and aimed at persecuting him and other GJM members due to their demand for a separate state of Ghorkhaland. The situation in the Districts of Darjeeling and Kalimpong had deteriorated, with violence and unrest escalating.

Issues:

Whether there were sufficient grounds to transfer the investigation to an independent agency.

Whether the allegations of bias against the state and police functionaries were substantiated.

Held:

The court reiterated that the power to transfer investigation to another agency should be exercised sparingly and only in rare and exceptional cases (Para 26). This power is invoked to ensure justice and maintain public confidence in the investigation process.

Articles 19(1)(a) and (b) of the Constitution protect the rights of freedom of speech and expression, including the right to assemble peaceably and without arms. However, these rights are not absolute and do not cover demonstrations that turn violent and infringe upon public and private property or endanger lives (Para 28).

The court observed the deteriorating situation in Darjeeling and Kalimpong, where protests had turned violent, resulting in severe damage to life and property (Para 37).

Given the seriousness of the offenses alleged in the FIRs and the state's obligation to maintain law and order, transferring the investigation en masse to an independent agency was neither practical nor justified (Para 39).

The state has a constitutional duty to maintain public order and protect citizens' lives and property. Police officers have the obligation to register FIRs promptly upon receiving information about cognizable offenses, without awaiting instructions from any authority (Para 41).

Allegations of bias against state and police functionaries were not substantiated in the present case. The court emphasized that while it's easy to allege bias, it's challenging to prove it. Therefore, the petitioner's claims that the FIRs were politically motivated and biased against him were rejected (Para 41).

While acknowledging the importance of a proper investigation for ensuring justice, the court concluded that the case did not warrant the transfer of investigation en masse to an independent agency under Article 32. The situation did not amount to individual persecution by state authorities (Para 46).

Facts:

The case involves a dispute between the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and Kochi Cricket Pvt. Ltd. regarding the interpretation of certain provisions of the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015.

Issues:

The application of Section 26 of the Amendment Act, particularly concerning the prospective application of the Act to arbitral and court proceedings related to arbitration.

Held:

The scheme of Section 26 of the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015 is analyzed. The provision is construed to be prospective in nature, applying only to arbitral proceedings commenced on or after the commencement of the Amendment Act and to court proceedings related to arbitration initiated after the Amendment Act came into force.

Section 26 is dissected into two distinct parts, with an emphasis on the word "but" which separates them. The first part deals with exceptions to the application of the Amendment Act, while the second part applies the Amendment Act to specific proceedings.

The absence of specific references in the second part of Section 26 to Section 21 of the 1996 Act indicates that arbitral proceedings before a tribunal are not contemplated in that part. Instead, it refers to court proceedings in relation to arbitral proceedings.

The court clarifies the application of the Amendment Act to arbitral proceedings commenced before its enactment, noting that parties may agree otherwise. The intention of the legislature is to apply the Amendment Act prospectively.

The court addresses the application of Section 36, both in its original form and as amended, particularly focusing on the meaning of "enforcement" in the context of arbitral awards.

It is determined that Section 36 deals with the execution of arbitral awards, and its amended form should apply even to pending Section 34 applications filed before the commencement of the Amendment Act.

The court rejects the argument that there is a corresponding right for the judgment debtor to stay the execution of an award. It emphasizes the procedural nature of Section 36.

The interpretation of "enforcement" in Section 36 is discussed further, affirming that it treats the arbitral award as a decree to be enforced under the Code of Civil Procedure.

The court reflects on potential anomalies arising from the prospective application of the Amendment Act but emphasizes the importance of adhering to the legislative intent.

The court comments on the proposed Section 87, cautioning against its potential impact on delaying arbitration proceedings and increasing court interference.

Despite potential legal inaccuracies in the High Court's judgment, the court decides not to interfere with it in the interest of justice, considering the specific circumstances of the case.

Facts:

The case involved amendments made in 1998 to the Karnataka Money Lenders Act and the Karnataka Pawn Brokers Act, which stated that security deposits provided by money lenders and pawnbrokers would not accrue interest.

These amendments were challenged on constitutional grounds.

Issues:

Whether the amendments prohibiting the payment of interest on security deposits were constitutionally valid.

Another issue was the legality of applying these amendments retrospectively to nullify a prior judgment.

Held:

The court upheld the validity of the amendments, recognizing the government's authority to regulate usurious businesses and impose stringent conditions to discourage their proliferation.

It determined that the provisions prohibiting interest payments on security deposits were reasonable and did not infringe upon Article 14 of the Constitution.

However, the court found the retrospective application of the amendments illegal, as it contravened the principle of separation of powers and the doctrine of stare decisis.

Decision: The court partly allowed the appeals, affirming the validity of the amendments but striking down their retrospective application.