Criminal Procedure - Revisional Jurisdiction - Acquittal to Conviction – Appeal against High Court’s conversion of acquittal to conviction under Section 324 IPC – Appellant originally acquitted by trial court – High Court found trial court’s reasoning perverse and contrary to evidence, convicted appellant – Supreme Court finds High Court exceeded revisional jurisdiction under Section 401(3) CrPC – Appeal allowed, conviction set aside. [Paras 1-13]

Revisional Powers - Limitation on Conversion of Acquittal – Analysis – Supreme Court emphasizes limits of High Court’s revisional jurisdiction – Section 401(3) CrPC prohibits conversion of acquittal into conviction – High Court can only order retrial in cases of manifest error or miscarriage of justice – Supreme Court affirms revisional jurisdiction should correct manifest errors without directly convicting. [Paras 7-11]

Decision – Setting Aside of Conviction and No Retrial Ordered – Court allows appeal, sets aside High Court’s order of conviction – Declines to order retrial due to nature of offense and passage of time – Emphasizes need for judicial adherence to procedural limits in revisional jurisdiction – Appeal allowed, conviction set aside with no retrial. [Paras 11-13]

Constitutional Law – Right to Life and Dignity – Article 21 – Violation of Fundamental Rights – Investigation by NHRC – Petitioners, volunteers of Aam Aadmi Party, alleged police atrocities during a protest, resulting in serious injuries. Supreme Court directs an independent investigation by the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) citing prima facie evidence of police excesses and violation of the right to live with dignity under Article 21. [Paras 1-20]

Criminal Law – Excessive Use of Force by Police – Independent Investigation – Petitioners claimed police used excessive force during a protest demanding registration of an FIR for an alleged rape case. The Court found prima facie evidence supporting the claim and directed NHRC to investigate the incident independently, considering the police's potential bias. [Paras 5-18]

Police Conduct – Failure to Provide FIR Copy – Procedural Lapses – The petitioners contended that the police refused to provide a copy of the FIR to the victim's husband, escalating the protest. The Court observed that providing the FIR copy could have mitigated the conflict, indicating procedural lapses by the police. [Paras 4-6]

Decision – Independent Investigation and NHRC Inquiry – The Supreme Court directed the investigation of the FIR concerning the protestors to be conducted by a Special Investigation Team (SIT) and ordered NHRC to investigate the allegations of police brutality against the petitioners, ensuring accountability and adherence to fundamental rights. The appeal by the petitioners is allowed to the extent specified, providing for an impartial investigation and addressing the grievances raised. [Paras 20-21]

Custodial Death - Circumstantial Evidence - Burden of Proof - Section 106 of Evidence Act - Conviction of police officers for custodial death based on circumstantial evidence. Supreme Court reiterates principles from Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra regarding proof through circumstantial evidence. Held, the burden shifts to the accused under Section 106 of the Evidence Act when the deceased was last seen in their custody. [Paras 20-25]

Wrongful Confinement and Grievous Hurt - Evidence of Custodial Violence - Deceased found with multiple injuries not recorded at the time of arrest, indicating custodial violence. Trial court acquitted the accused due to lack of direct evidence and discrepancies in injury reports. High Court convicted based on the circumstantial evidence of injuries occurring while in police custody. Supreme Court finds the High Court’s reliance on circumstantial evidence justifiable. [Paras 22-24]

Murder or Culpable Homicide - Conviction and Sentencing - High Court’s conviction under Section 302 IPC converted to Section 304 IPC by Supreme Court due to lack of intent to cause death. Held, custodial violence resulting in death amounts to culpable homicide not amounting to murder. Sentence reduced to seven years rigorous imprisonment with fine. [Paras 28-30]

Decision:

The Supreme Court allowed the appeals of A2 and A3, acquitting them of all charges. However, the conviction of A1 was modified from Section 302 IPC to Section 304 IPC, sentencing him to seven years of rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 3000, with a default sentence of six months imprisonment​​.

Municipal Law - Requirement of License for Catering Services - Definition of Eating House - Interpretation of 'Eating House' and 'Catering Establishment' - Held: The term 'eating house' as defined under Section 3(ff) of the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act, 1888, includes premises where food is prepared and supplied for consumption for profit or gain, including members of a club who are considered part of the public. The term 'gain' is interpreted broadly to encompass any advantage or benefit, not limited to pecuniary profit​​. [Paras 18-21]

Licensing Requirements under Section 394 - Held: The Bombay High Court’s interpretation exempting the club from obtaining a license was incorrect. Catering facilities, even if ancillary to the main sporting activities, must comply with public health and safety regulations. The requirement to obtain a license ensures adherence to standards critical for food safety and public health​​. [Paras 10-17, 27]

Broader Interpretation of 'Catering Establishment' - Analysis: The term 'catering establishment' encompasses any place where food is provided, irrespective of public access or profit motive. The legal precedents reinforce that even cooperative canteens or non-profit setups fall under this definition​​. [Paras 22-26]

Decision: Quashing of Bombay High Court's Order - The Supreme Court allowed the appeal, setting aside the Bombay High Court's order. The respondents (Willingdon Sports Club) are required to obtain a license under Section 394(1)(e) of the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act, 1888. The writ petition filed by the respondents is dismissed with costs​​. [Paras 27-30]

Civil Procedure - Landlord-Tenant Relationship - Adverse Possession -

1. Eviction Suit - Failure to Prove Landlord-Tenant Relationship - Held: In a suit for eviction under the Madhya Pradesh Accommodation Control Act, the relationship of landlord and tenant is a sine qua non. The failure to establish this relationship means the suit cannot proceed on the basis of title alone. The High Court was correct in distinguishing between a suit for eviction based on landlord-tenant relationship and a suit for possession based on title​​. [Paras 14, 18-22]

2. General Title and Adverse Possession - Application in Special Enactments - Analysis: The principles of general title and adverse possession as stated in Bhagwati Prasad and Biswanath Agarwalla apply differently under special enactments like the Accommodation Control Act. These principles allow for alternative relief under general civil law but not under special enactments where the relationship of landlord and tenant must be proven. The High Court erred in affirming the trial court’s decision regarding adverse possession when the jurisdiction was limited to landlord-tenant disputes​​. [Paras 16-23]

3. Arresting Adverse Possession by Filing Suit - Legal Implications - Held: The filing of an eviction suit under a special enactment arrests the period of adverse possession. The Plaintiff’s right to possession remains intact if the suit is filed within the limitation period, preventing the Defendant from perfecting the title by adverse possession during the pendency of the suit. This principle ensures that a litigant’s right to reclaim property is not lost due to prolonged legal proceedings​​. [Paras 25-34]

Decision:

Liberty to File Fresh Suit for Title and Recovery of Possession - The Supreme Court allowed the appeal, setting aside the High Court’s affirmation of the trial court’s decision on adverse possession. The Plaintiff is granted liberty to file a fresh suit for title and recovery of possession within two months. The time for adverse possession is arrested during the pendency of the suit, ensuring the Plaintiff’s rights are not extinguished​​. [Paras 24-36]

Criminal Law - Dowry Death - Conviction Based on Presumptions under Sections 304B IPC and 113B Evidence Act -

1. Conviction for Dowry Death and Cruelty - Section 304B IPC and 498A IPC - Held: The prosecution successfully proved the case against the appellant. The deceased was subjected to cruelty and harassment soon before her death in connection with the demand for dowry. The evidence showed a consistent pattern of cruelty and harassment by the appellant towards the deceased, leading to her unnatural death within 94 days of marriage​​. [Paras 10-15, 20-22]

2. Interpretation of 'Soon Before' - Held: The term 'soon before' as used in Sections 304B IPC and 113B of the Evidence Act is a relative term and must be understood in the context of the circumstances of each case. The cruelty and harassment suffered by the deceased from the date of her marriage till her death were considered to be 'soon before' her death​​. [Paras 13-15]

3. Demand for Dowry - Applicability of Section 304B IPC - Analysis: The demand for Rs. 60,000 by the appellant was directly related to the dowry demands. Despite the defense's argument that the amount was for business purposes, the court found that it was an extension of the dowry demand made before and after the marriage​​. [Paras 16-20]

4. Rejection of Defense of Depression and Suicide - Held: The court rejected the appellant’s defense that the deceased committed suicide due to depression following a terminated pregnancy. The medical evidence did not support the claim of depression, and there was no proof that the deceased was told she would never conceive again​​. [Paras 21]

5. Reliance on Family Witnesses - Held: In cases of bride burning or dowry death, it is often difficult to obtain independent witnesses. The testimony of family members of the deceased, who are typically the only available witnesses, is crucial and must be given due weight​​. [Paras 25]

Decision:

Dismissal of Appeal - The appeal was dismissed. The conviction and sentence of the appellant under Sections 304B and 498A of the IPC were upheld. The appellant was directed to surrender to the concerned court as his bail bonds were cancelled​​. [Paras 26]

Service Law - Pension Scheme - Opting after Retirement - Appeal against High Court Order - The appeal challenges the decision of the High Court allowing a retired employee to opt for the pension scheme years after retirement. The Supreme Court held that the employer (Calcutta Port Trust) is not obligated to individually inform retired employees about every opportunity to opt for a pension scheme through newspapers or other mass media. It found that the respondent, being a senior officer, would reasonably be aware of the pension scheme and options provided during his service. [Paras 1-24]

Employer's Duty of Communication - Analysis - Held - The court emphasized that employers must adopt reasonable methods to inform retirees of such schemes but are not mandated to use newspapers for every communication. The court acknowledged that personal communication or displaying notices within the organization could suffice if it can be shown that the information was reasonably accessible. [Para 20-23]

Decision - The Supreme Court set aside the High Court's judgment and reinstated the Single Judge's order, rejecting the respondent's claim for pension option post-retirement. The appeal was allowed. However, due to the specific facts of the case, the appellants were directed to allow the respondent to exercise his option under the circular dated 19.2.1986 within two months. This decision was not to be considered a precedent for other pending cases. [Para 24]

Labour Law – Employment Status – Contract Labour – Industrial Disputes Act – The issue of whether workers engaged in statutory canteens are employees of the principal employer (Air India) – Application of the 'control and supervision' test to determine employment status.

Contract Labour – Sham Contracts – Statutory Canteens – Held, employment of contract workers in statutory canteens is a sham – Air India, as the principal employer, retains control and supervision over the workers – Workers engaged through a contractor (HCI) must be deemed employees of Air India – Orders passed by CGIT in favour of regularisation of workers upheld. [Paras 40-75]

Piercing the Corporate Veil – Employment Relationships – Deemed Employment – Statutory Obligations – Supreme Court justifies lifting the corporate veil to determine the true employer-employee relationship in the case of statutory canteens – Finds that the relationship is not genuinely contractual but rather one of direct employment with Air India. [Paras 67-74]

Decision – Regularisation of Canteen Workers – The Supreme Court sets aside the High Court's judgment and reinstates the CGIT's award, directing Air India to regularise the canteen workers as permanent employees. The appeal was allowed. Emphasises compliance with Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution regarding reservations in regularisation. [Paras 73-75]

Motor Vehicles Act – Compensation – Reduction by High Court – Appeal for enhancement – Appellant, an advocate, sustained grievous injuries resulting in 50% whole body disability – Tribunal awarded Rs. 887,300 including Rs. 617,500 for loss of income due to disability – High Court reduced compensation under this head to Rs. 150,000 – Supreme Court holds High Court erred in reduction – Appellant entitled to Rs. 1,287,300 with interest. [Paras 1-14]

Determination of Just Compensation – Application of Multiplier – Functional Disability – Supreme Court applies a multiplier of 16 in place of 13 for calculating loss of income – Functional disability considered at 70% due to appellant’s profession as an advocate requiring sharpness and physical ability – High Court’s reduction set aside, compensation enhanced by Rs. 400,000 for loss of income due to disability. [Paras 10-13]

Decision – Enhancement of Compensation – Supreme Court sets aside High Court’s judgment – Tribunal’s award modified by adding Rs. 400,000 towards loss of income due to disability – Total compensation of Rs. 1,287,300 awarded with interest at 6% p.a. from date of petition till payment – Appeals allowed to the extent of enhancement. [Paras 13-14]