Family Law - Domestic Violence and Maintenance – Criminal Appeal challenging High Court's affirmation of lower court orders – Appellant-wife's allegations of domestic violence, dowry demands, and non-compliance with maintenance and protection orders – High Court's error in disregarding pre-enactment conduct under the Domestic Violence Act – Supreme Court sets aside High Court order, directs compliance with maintenance and protection orders, and awards compensation for mental and emotional distress. [Paras 1-16]

Domestic Violence - Retrospective Application – Analysis – Held – Supreme Court clarifies that conduct prior to the enactment of the Domestic Violence Act can be considered – Emphasis on continuous nature of domestic violence and protection of aggrieved persons – High Court's dismissal of consideration of pre-enactment conduct is erroneous. [Paras 9-15]

Decision – Maintenance, Protection Orders, and Compensation – Court directs respondent-husband to comply with maintenance and protection orders within three months – Additional compensation of Rs. 500,000 awarded for mental torture and emotional distress – Appeal allowed with specific directions for compliance and enforcement of legal protection. [Paras 15-16]

Reorganisation of States - Liability for Employee Salaries – Civil Appeals challenging High Court's decision holding Bihar and Jharkhand responsible for payment of salaries to employees of BHALCO – Dispute over the continuation of employment and liability post-bifurcation – Supreme Court reviews historical context, legal provisions, and previous court directions – Holds both states responsible for different periods – Orders payment of dues with interest – Emphasizes role of State as model employer and constitutional obligations for social and economic justice. [Paras 1-53]

State Reorganisation - Employee Welfare and Continuity – Analysis – Supreme Court highlights the plight of employees unpaid for years – Criticizes administrative lapses and conflicting stances of states – Affirms that employees' fundamental rights under Article 21 are at stake – Directs specific timelines for payment of dues and conditions for compliance by both states – Emphasizes human rights and social justice obligations under the Constitution. [Paras 17-45]

Decision – Payment of Salary and Interest – Court directs Bihar to pay salaries from 1.1.1995 to 29.12.2001 and Jharkhand from 29.12.2001 to 13.9.2004 – Orders payment with 7.5% simple interest per annum – Concludes claim for absorption of employees – Addresses procedural fairness and adherence to constitutional principles by state entities. [Paras 52-53]

Civil Procedure - Order 2 Rule 2 CPC - Splitting of Claims – Civil Appeals against High Court's decision allowing second suit – Respondent filed two suits: one for recovery of amounts from a Letter of Credit, and another for damages due to withdrawal of credit facilities – District Court rejected second suit under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC, finding same cause of action – High Court reversed this – Supreme Court examines whether second suit barred by Order 2 Rule 2 – Finds second suit should have been included in first – Allows appeal, sets aside High Court order. [Paras 1-16]

Splitting of Claims - Order 2 Rule 2 - Legal Principles – Analysis – Supreme Court clarifies that a plaintiff must include whole of the claim arising from the same cause of action in one suit – Emphasizes avoidance of multiplicity of proceedings and vexation of defendants – Reviews previous case law and principles – Concludes that respondent had cause of action for both claims at the time of first suit – High Court's error in allowing second suit highlighted. [Paras 9-15]

Decision – Applicability of Order 2 Rule 2 – Court allows appeals, reinstates District Court’s order rejecting second suit – Emphasizes that plaintiff’s omission to claim all reliefs in the first suit precludes subsequent suits for omitted claims – Highlights principle of judicial economy and prevention of vexatious litigation. [Paras 15-16]

Contempt of Court - Suppression of Material Facts – Criminal Appeal against High Court's dismissal of contempt petition – Appellant's arrest and judicial custody based on incorrect information from Interpol – Subsequent correction by Interpol not disclosed promptly by respondents – Allegation of suppression of facts leading to prolonged custody – Supreme Court finds High Court's summary dismissal without addressing key legal and factual issues inadequate – Sets aside High Court order, remands case for reconsideration with direction to address all relevant issues. [Paras 1-14]

Criminal Procedure - Role of Investigating Agencies – Analysis – Supreme Court highlights duty of investigating officers to disclose correct information to courts – Criticizes suppression of material facts impacting judicial decisions – Emphasizes necessity of thorough judicial scrutiny in contempt proceedings, especially involving liberty of individuals. [Paras 6-13]

Decision – Remand for Reconsideration – Court sets aside High Court order dismissing contempt petition – Directs High Court to re-examine case addressing all factual and legal issues – Stresses importance of adherence to procedural law and ensuring justice in contempt proceedings. [Paras 13-14]

Intellectual Property - Trademark Usage - Civil Appeals against High Court’s decision allowing expanded trademark usage – Appellant challenges orders permitting respondent to use "KOHINOOR" trademark throughout Uttar Pradesh – High Court expanded usage based on historical use and trade practices – Supreme Court upholds High Court’s decision, finding no error in extending trademark usage to entire state – Emphasizes the impracticality of restricting trademark to specific cities – Reiterates principles for rectification and concurrent use under Trademark Act. [Paras 1-14]

Trademark Law - Rectification and Concurrent Use – Analysis – Supreme Court examines provisions of Sections 46(1) and 46(2) of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 – Highlights burden of proof for non-use and bona fide use during relevant period – Confirms High Court's factual findings on continuous use and practical considerations for statewide trademark usage – Legal precedents on non-user and special circumstances discussed – Emphasizes avoidance of arbitrary geographic restrictions. [Paras 10-13]

Decision – Expanded Trademark Usage – Court dismisses appeals, affirms High Court's order permitting respondent’s trademark use across Uttar Pradesh – Finds geographical restrictions impractical and potentially litigious – Orders based on sound reasoning and trade practices – No merit in appeals, dismissed with no order as to costs. [Paras 13-14]

Criminal Law - Perjury and False Affidavits – Criminal Appeal challenging High Court's dismissal of application under Section 340 CrPC – Appellant claims respondent misled court by stating investigation was complete when further witnesses were later examined – High Court found no deliberate falsehood or intent to mislead – Supreme Court affirms High Court's decision, highlighting the need for evidence of deliberate and conscious falsehood to initiate perjury proceedings – Appeal dismissed. [Paras 1-15]

Criminal Procedure - Initiation of Perjury Proceedings – Analysis – Supreme Court reiterates principles for invoking Section 340 CrPC – Emphasizes necessity of prima facie evidence of deliberate falsehood and expediency in the interest of justice – Reviews procedural requirements under CBI manual and judicial precedents – Concludes that further investigation based on superior officer's directions does not constitute misleading the court – No grounds to interfere with High Court's findings. [Paras 7-14]

Decision – Dismissal of Perjury Allegations – Court dismisses appeal, upholds High Court's order – Finds no evidence of intentional misleading by respondent – Affirms need for careful judicial scrutiny before initiating perjury proceedings – Appeal dismissed with no order as to costs. [Paras 14-15]

Constitutional Law - Article 14 - Public Land Allotment – Special Leave Petition against State Government’s decision to allot land for IFSC – Appellant bases challenge on CAG report citing inconsistencies and lack of uniform policy in land allotment – High Court dismissed writ petition, upholding government’s decision – Supreme Court finds no merit in claims of arbitrariness or malafide intentions – Holds that policy decisions taken in public interest with transparency cannot be questioned solely based on CAG report – Appeal dismissed. [Paras 1-12]

Public Policy - Land Allotment and Public-Private Partnership – Analysis – Supreme Court emphasizes that CAG reports are advisory and must be balanced with government’s explanations – Recognizes State's authority to make economic decisions and enter public-private partnerships – Affirms that absence of tender or auction does not inherently imply arbitrariness – Examines procedural integrity and public interest benefits of the IFSC project – No violation of constitutional principles found. [Paras 7-12]

Decision – Policy Decisions and Judicial Review – Court dismisses appeal, affirms High Court's order – Endorses government’s transparent process and public interest considerations in land allotment for IFSC – Confirms that judicial scrutiny of economic policies should not impede administrative functions unless clear evidence of malafide or statutory violations exists – SLP dismissed with no order as to costs. [Paras 12-13]

Criminal Law - Validity of Sanction for Prosecution – Criminal Appeal challenging High Court's decision to set aside Special Judge's order – Respondent contested validity of sanction alleging non-placement of relevant material before sanctioning authority – High Court remanded case to trial court for re-examination – Supreme Court affirms High Court’s decision, emphasizing need for comprehensive scrutiny of material by sanctioning authority – Appeal dismissed. [Paras 1-50]

Sanction for Prosecution - Requirement of Material Disclosure – Analysis – Supreme Court reiterates principles for valid sanction under Prevention of Corruption Act – Highlights obligation of sanctioning authority to review all relevant material – Affirms High Court’s findings of incomplete material presentation – Emphasizes importance of strict adherence to procedural guidelines to ensure fair prosecution – Directive for trial court to re-examine sanctioning authority's scrutiny. [Paras 7-15]

Decision – Remand for Re-examination of Sanction – Court dismisses appeal, upholds High Court's order remanding case to trial court – Directions to trial court to assess validity of sanction with complete material – Emphasizes procedural integrity and necessity of comprehensive review by sanctioning authority – Case remanded for fresh consideration without influencing trial proceedings. [Paras 45-50]

Criminal Law - Grant of Pardon and Approver Testimony – Criminal Appeal challenging High Court's decision remanding Special Judge's order granting pardon – Respondent No. 2 sought pardon, supported by CBI, implicating Respondent No. 1 in forgery – High Court quashed pardon, requiring fresh consideration post charge sheet – Supreme Court upholds High Court's order emphasizing judicial discretion and thorough examination of material before granting pardon – Highlights need for assessing public policy and relative culpability among accused – Appeal dismissed. [Paras 1-28]

Evidence - Testimony of Accomplices – Analysis – Supreme Court reaffirms principles on accepting accomplice testimony – Evidence Act Sections 114, 133: Accomplice testimony requires careful scrutiny and substantial corroboration – Emphasizes role of judiciary in ensuring fairness and justice in criminal trials – Approver’s testimony critical but must meet standards of reliability and corroboration – Supports revisional jurisdiction to ensure correctness and propriety of lower court orders. [Paras 7-20]

Decision – Remand for Fresh Consideration of Pardon Application – Court dismisses appeal, affirms High Court’s remand order – Directions to trial court for fresh consideration of pardon application in light of charge sheet and complete material – Emphasizes judicial duty to balance prosecutorial needs and rights of accused – No interference with High Court’s directive for revisiting pardon grant – Appeal dismissed with no order as to costs. [Paras 27-28]