Civil Law – Adverse Possession – Inadequate Pleadings and Proof –Court, in this case, clarified the legal principles governing the claim of adverse possession. The Court emphasized that such a claim requires adequate pleadings and proof, including the establishment of continuous, peaceful, and open possession adverse to the true owner for over twelve years. [Para 9, 12-16]

Evidence – Adverse Possession – Necessity of Specific Pleadings and Clear Proof – It was held that for a successful claim of adverse possession, the claimant must specifically plead and prove certain essential elements. These include demonstrating the exact time from which possession commenced, that it was known to the true owner, and that it was open and uninterrupted. The Court found that the appellant failed to establish these crucial facts. [Para 13, 16]

Probate and Letters of Administration – Importance in Claiming Rights Based on Wills – The Court discussed the necessity of obtaining probate or letters of administration to claim rights based on wills, particularly in Chennai. The judgment underscored the legal requirement of these formalities to establish rights under a will. [Para 8, 16]

Dismissal of Appeals and Extended Time for Vacating Property – Court dismissed the appeals due to failure to establish adverse possession but granted the appellant until 31st March 2025 to vacate the property, conditional on filing undertakings on oath by the appellant and his adult family members [Paras 16-18].

Late Payment Surcharge Dispute – Request for payment of Rs.1376.35 crore as LPS by Adani Power Rajasthan Limited (APRL) from Rajasthan Discoms under PPA-2010 – Applicant relies on Article 8.3.5 of the PPA-2010 – Main appeal related to additional payment claims under PPA-2010 due to change in law was previously disposed of [Paras 2, 4].

Judicial History – The Supreme Court's 2020 judgment in the main appeal held APRL entitled to compensation due to change in law but capped interest for late payment surcharge at 9% per annum – Contempt proceedings in 2022 led to direction for payment of principal amount with capped interest, without addressing LPS specifically [Paras 3-7, 67].

Application Dismissed – The Court ruled that the Miscellaneous Application for LPS is not maintainable as the main judgment had conclusively dealt with issues around LPS – Emphasized on the improper use of Miscellaneous Applications to alter or modify concluded judgments – Costs imposed on the applicant for multiple hearings [Paras 8-23].

Electricity Act, 2003 - Payment of Late Payment Surcharge (LPS) - The Supreme Court deliberated on the claim of Adani Power Rajasthan Limited (APRL) for a Late Payment Surcharge (LPS) from the Rajasthan Discoms, as per the Power Purchase Agreement dated 28.01.2010. The main issue revolved around the non-payment of LPS by the Rajasthan Discoms, following a change in law clause under the agreement.

Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) and Late Payment Surcharge – Discussion – The Court focused on the interpretation of Article 8.3.5 of the PPA and its application, considering the context of late payment for electricity supplied by APRL under changed conditions due to non-availability of domestic coal and subsequent reliance on imported coal. [Para 3, 4, 66, 67]

Judicial Review and Interpretation – Limited Scope – The Court reiterated its limited scope in reviewing and interpreting contractual obligations under a Power Purchase Agreement, emphasizing on the specific clauses and the context of their execution. The court also reviewed previous judgments and APTEL's findings on the matter. [Para 5, 6, 14, 20]

Decision – Dismissal of Application – The Court dismissed the application filed by APRL seeking LPS, noting that the issue had been addressed in the earlier judgment, and no grounds for review or reinterpretation were established. The Court further imposed costs on APRL for the miscellaneous application. [Para 23]

Decision – Imposition of Costs – The Court imposed a cost of Rs. 50,000 on the applicant (APRL) to be remitted to the Supreme Court Legal Aid Committee, citing the multiple listings of the application and the need to discourage such repetitive and non-meritorious litigation. [Para 23]

Criminal Law - Unlawful Detention and Assault by Police - Compensation and Accountability - legality and repercussions of the actions of police officers, especially in relation to the unlawful detention and assault of the appellant, Somnath, by respondent no.2, a police officer. The appellant was subjected to undignified treatment, including being paraded half-naked, and was detained illegally despite being granted bail. The Court examined the accountability of police officers and the appropriate compensation for the appellant. [Para 7-9, 21]

Abuse of Power by Police – Held – The Court condemned the high-handed actions of the respondent no.2, emphasizing that such misuse of power and violation of the appellant’s dignity and rights were inexcusable. The Court noted that respondent no.2 had abused his official position and acted in contravention of the principles set forth in landmark judgments like D K Basu v State of West Bengal and Sube Singh v State of Haryana, which lay down guidelines for the treatment of detainees. [Para 15, 21]

Compensation for Violation of Rights – Awarded – The Supreme Court upheld the decision of the High Court, with modifications, ordering respondent no.2 to pay a total compensation of Rs.1,75,000 to the appellant. This included Rs.75,000 as per the High Court's judgment and an additional Rs.1,00,000 as directed by the Supreme Court. The Court also acknowledged the appellant’s receipt of Rs.25,000 from the National Human Rights Commission. [Para 21-22]

Criminal Proceedings Against Police Officer – Declined – The Court refrained from directing criminal proceedings against respondent no.2, who had retired and complied with the compensation orders. However, it expressed a zero-tolerance policy towards such acts of misconduct by those in power and highlighted the importance of balancing justice with mercy in peculiar circumstances. [Para 23]

Directive to Police Forces – Court issued a general directive to police forces across States and Union Territories, emphasizing the need to adhere strictly to constitutional and statutory safeguards, as well as additional guidelines laid down by the Court, when arresting and detaining individuals. This directive was in line with earlier judgments aiming to protect individual dignity and prevent misuse of police authority. [Para 24]

Decision - The appeal was disposed of by upholding the High Court’s judgment with modifications concerning compensation, and emphasized the necessity for police forces to strictly adhere to legal and constitutional guidelines in the exercise of their duties. [Para 22, 24]

Criminal Law – Fair Trial – Right to Legal Representation –Court examined whether the trial procedure adopted by the Trial Court in the absence of legal representation for the appellants adhered to the principles of a fair trial. The Court scrutinized the conduct of the Trial Court in recording examination-in-chief of prosecution witnesses without providing legal aid to unrepresented appellants. [Para 3-7]

Criminal Procedure – Section 242 of Cr.PC – Examination of Witnesses – Discussed – Emphasized the importance of adhering to the normal rule of witness examination as per Section 138 of the Evidence Act, 1872. The Court highlighted the irregularity in the Trial Court's approach in deferring cross-examination and not following the proviso to Section 242(3) of the Cr.PC. [Para 6]

Right to Counsel – Violation – Held – The absence of legal representation for the appellants during the examination-in-chief of prosecution witnesses constituted a violation of the appellants' right to a fair trial. The Court noted the Trial Court’s failure to appoint a legal aid lawyer for the appellants. [Para 5, 10]

Decision – Bail Granted – Considering the nature of the offences, duration of custody, and the procedural irregularities during the trial, the Court granted bail to the appellants subject to stringent conditions including the surrender of passports. [Para 8, 11(i)-(iii)]

Direction for De Novo Trial – The Court ordered a fresh trial (de novo) with the re-examination of the prosecution witnesses. Directed the Trial Court to ensure the appointment of a legal aid lawyer for the appellants, adhering to fair trial principles. [Para 9, 11(iv)-(v)]

Criminal Appeal – Outcome – The Supreme Court allowed the Civil Appeals, mandating a re-trial with proper legal representation for the appellants and setting terms for their bail. [Para 11]

Challenge to High Court Order – Appeal against Karnataka High Court's order quashing proceedings under Section 482 Cr.P.C. against the accused for offences under IPC and SC/ST Act – High Court found inconsistencies in the complainant's statements and lack of evidence for the forced abortion [Paras 2, 7, 9, 15].

Factual Background – Alleged sexual relationship under the promise of marriage, resulting in pregnancy and subsequent abortion – Complaint involved accusations against the partner and his family members under IPC and SC/ST Act [Paras 3.1-3.6].

Changed Narrative and Inconsistencies – Shift in complainant's narrative regarding the abortion – Initially claimed hospitalization for abortion, later altered to consumption of Ayurvedic medicine leading to abortion – Statement of doctor from Krishna Nursing Home refuting complainant’s claims of hospital visit [Paras 3.4, 9].

Legal Principles on Consensual Relationships and Promise of Marriage – Court discussed criteria for determining consent and false promise of marriage in sexual relationships, referencing Pramod Suryabhan Pawar v. State of Maharashtra and Shambhu Kharwar v. State of Uttar Pradesh cases [Paras 11, 13, 16].

Application of Bhajan Lal Guidelines – Application of guidelines from State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal for quashing proceedings under Section 482 Cr.P.C. – High Court's decision found to fit under categories of allegations that do not constitute an offence or are absurd or inherently improbable [Paras 17, 18].

Decision – Supreme Court dismissed the appeal, upholding the High Court's decision to quash the proceedings against the accused as no sufficient grounds were found for the case to proceed [Paras 18, 19].

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 – Section 143A – Exercise of Power – Discretionary nature – Held, the exercise of power under Section 143A(1) is discretionary, not mandatory. The Court must engage in a prima facie evaluation of the merits of the case and consider the accused’s financial distress and other relevant factors before directing payment of interim compensation. The word ‘may’ in the provision cannot be read as ‘shall’. [Para 19(a)]

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 – Section 143A – Factors for Consideration – In determining whether to grant interim compensation, the Court should evaluate the merits of the complaint, the strength of the defence, the nature of the transaction, and the relationship between the parties. The Court must record reasons for its decision, considering all relevant factors, including financial distress of the accused. [Para 19(b), (c)]

Decision – Directive for Reconsideration of Interim Compensation – The Supreme Court set aside the orders of the lower courts for lack of proper application of mind to relevant factors and directed the Trial Court to reconsider the application for interim compensation afresh in line with the principles laid down. [Para 18, 19]

Decision – Partly Allowed Appeal – The appeal was partly allowed, emphasizing the need for judicial discretion and consideration of various factors in granting interim compensation under Section 143A of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. [Para 20]

Criminal Law – Appeal against Conviction- Identification of Accused – Faulty Procedure – Supreme Court examines the validity of the identification process in a criminal case, specifically addressing the impact of lack of proper identification parade. The Court scrutinizes the manner in which the appellant was identified by the key witness and the implications of the absence of a formal identification parade. [Para 5-6]

Identification Parades – Necessity and Impact on Criminal Trials – held – emphasizes the crucial role of identification parades in criminal trials, especially in cases where the accused is identified by a witness for the first time in court. The Court discusses the reliability of such identification in the absence of a formal identification parade. [Para 6-7]

Evidence – Reliability of Witness Identification – The Supreme Court re-evaluates the reliability of the key witness's identification of the appellant in court, considering that the identification was influenced by prior exposure to the accused by police, without an official identification parade. [Para 5-6]

Acquittal on Grounds of Unreliable Identification – The Supreme Court, upon finding the primary evidence against the appellant, i.e., witness identification, to be unreliable and tainted by improper procedure, sets aside the judgments of the lower courts. The appellant is acquitted of the charges due to the insufficiency and doubtful nature of the evidence presented. [Para 8-10]

Decision – Acquittal of the Appellant – The Supreme Court allows the appeal, acquitting the appellant of all charges, on the basis that the identification process was flawed and the evidence presented was not credible enough to sustain a conviction. [Para 9-10]

Bail Amount Reduction –  Challenging High Court's decision maintaining high surety for bail – Petitioner, a retired office clerk, unable to furnish Rs 10 lakhs surety as ordered by High Court and Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, Prayagraj – Supreme Court finds high bail amount infringes Article 21, right to life and personal liberty – Surety reduced to Rs 25,000. [Paras 1-7]

Bail and Right to Personal Liberty – Analysis – Held – Setting unreasonably high bail amount contradicts the purpose of bail and infringes constitutional rights – Supreme Court emphasizes reasonableness in setting surety, especially considering petitioner's economic status and inability to pay high amount. [Para 4-5]

Decision – Reduction of Bail Amount – Supreme Court orders reduction of surety and personal bond from Rs 10 lakhs to Rs 25,000 – Emphasizes fair and reasonable interpretation of bail conditions in alignment with the principles of personal liberty under the Constitution. Special Leave Petition disposed with modified terms of bail and surety. [Paras 6-8]

Customs Law – Valuation of Imported Goods – Assessment and Penalties – The Supreme Court addressed the dispute over the valuation of imported camera stabilizer devices and the applicability of penalties under the Customs Act, 1962. The Court scrutinized the adjudication process, the comparison of the imported goods with previous imports, and the determination of assessable value under the Customs Valuation (Determination of Value of Imported Goods) Rules, 2007. [Para 1-4, 8-9]

Validity of Valuation by Customs Authorities – upheld – The Court upheld the decision of the Customs, Excise & Service Tax Appellate Tribunal (CESTAT) which had restored the order-in-original of the adjudicating authority. It was held that the imported goods were correctly assessed as being identical/similar to previously imported goods, thereby justifying the rejection of the declared transaction value and the revised assessment. [Para 8-9]

Challenge of Limitation Period for Appeal – considered – The Court discussed the issue of whether the appeal by the Revenue was barred by limitation, considering the time taken by the Committee of Commissioners to exercise their power under Section 129A(2) of the Customs Act. It was held that the decision was taken within a reasonable time frame, given the extraordinary circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic. [Para 7]

Imposition of Penalties – justified – The Supreme Court found no error in the imposition of penalties on the appellant under Sections 112(a) and 114AA of the Customs Act for misdeclaration and undervaluation of imported goods. [Para 10]

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal of M/s Global Technologies and Research, affirming the decisions of the CESTAT and the adjudicating authority in assessing the value of the imported goods and imposing penalties. [Para 10]