Tenancy Protection – Section 3(2)(b), TN Cultivating Tenants Protection Act – Grounds of eviction – Allegations of felling trees, digging pits, constructing huts – Revenue Court relied on Commissioner’s report from earlier civil suit and ordered eviction – High Court affirmed – Held: No cogent evidence of destructive acts or negligence – Mere pruning of trees not sufficient – Eviction unsustainable [Paras 14, 17-20].

Beneficial Legislation – Interpretation – TN Cultivating Tenants Protection Act enacted to shield cultivating tenants from eviction – Courts must lean towards tenant protection unless gross violation proved – Beneficial construction requires widest interpretation favouring tenants – Eviction orders must rest on credible and reliable evidence, not mechanical reliance on reports [Paras 22-24].

Civil Court Decrees & Revenue Proceedings – Use of prior commissioner’s report – Revenue Court mechanically relied on report filed in O.S. No. 491/1994 – High Court in revision affirmed without independent scrutiny – Held improper – Revisional jurisdiction under Section 6-B read with Section 115 CPC demands careful review [Paras 14, 18-20].

Long Possession – Equitable considerations – Tenant family cultivating land since 1955–60 – Tenants have vital interest in protecting land and crops – Court held equities lie in favour of sustaining tenancy in absence of proven injurious acts [Para 20].

Connected Appeals – Civil Appeals 7467-7469/2011 by other heirs claiming ownership noted – Already subject matter of O.S. No. 302/2009 at Coimbatore – To be decided independently on merits – Not considered in present appeals [Para 13].

Decision – Appeals allowed – Impugned High Court judgment and Revenue Court eviction order set aside – Respondents restrained from interfering with appellants’ possession except in accordance with law – Connected appeals also disposed of [Paras 25-27].

Criminal Law – Rape Conviction – Downgrade to Outraging Modesty – Appellant originally convicted under Section 376AB IPC and Section 6 of POCSO Act for allegedly sexually assaulting a girl under 12 – Victim’s consistent statements under Section 164 Cr.P.C., her deposition during trial, and medical evidence did not establish penetration – Allegations limited to touching of private parts – Held: Ingredients of penetrative sexual assault under Section 3(c) POCSO and Section 375 IPC not made out – Conviction under Section 376AB IPC and Section 6 POCSO set aside – Conviction modified to Section 354 IPC and Section 10 POCSO [Paras 3–9]

POCSO Act – Nature of Assault – Victim below 12 years – Where allegations and evidence prove non-penetrative touching with sexual intent, offence falls under Section 7 read with Section 9(m) of the POCSO Act – Section 3(c) not attracted in absence of penetration – Held: Alleged act amounts to aggravated sexual assault under Section 9(m) not penetrative sexual assault [Paras 6–8]

Sentencing – Modification of Sentence – Original sentence of 20 years RI under Section 6 POCSO Act modified to 5 years RI under Section 354 IPC and 7 years RI under Section 10 POCSO Act – Sentences to run concurrently – Fine of ₹50,000 retained as compensation to victim payable within two months [Para 9]

Decision: Appeal partly allowed – Conviction under Section 376AB IPC and Section 6 POCSO Act set aside – Conviction altered to Section 354 IPC and Section 10 POCSO Act – Sentence reduced accordingly.

Criminal Procedure – Registration of FIR – Article 226 & Section 482 Cr.P.C. – Writ petitions by complainants against CBI officers alleging intimidation and illegal seizures – High Court directed registration of FIRs – Supreme Court upheld orders, holding that once complaints disclose cognizable offences, FIR registration is mandatory – Preliminary inquiry report of CBI not conclusive – Alternative remedies not a bar to writ jurisdiction [Paras 14, 22-24, 27-32, 34-36, 40].

Delay – Appeals filed after 12 years – Explained by pendency of Letters Patent Appeals dismissed on maintainability – Supreme Court condoned delay noting appellants were vigilant, pursuing remedies in good faith – No deliberate laches [Paras 11-13].

Public Servants – Protection under Section 197 Cr.P.C. and Section 140 Delhi Police Act – Not applicable – Allegations of illegal seizure, coercion, and abuse of authority fall outside scope of official duty – Public servants not immune where actions are prima facie mala fide and criminal in nature [Paras 18, 26].

Scope of Judicial Review – High Court’s discretion – Constitutional Courts empowered to order FIR registration if material discloses cognizable offence – Supreme Court declined to interfere under Article 136, reiterating that justice requires accountability even for investigators – “Those who investigate must also be investigated” [Paras 29-30, 34-38].

Investigation – To be conducted by Delhi Police (not Special Cell) by an officer not below ACP rank – Preliminary inquiry report may be looked into but not treated as conclusive – Appellants directed to cooperate – No coercive steps unless custodial interrogation required – FIR and investigation to be completed within 3 months [Paras 39-41].

Decision – Appeals partly allowed with modification – High Court’s orders upheld regarding FIR registration and investigation, but investigation shifted to Delhi Police ACP – Appeal otherwise dismissed [Paras 38-42].

POCSO Conviction – Interpretation of Penetrative Sexual Assault – Section 6 POCSO – Conviction Modified – Appellant was convicted under Section 376AB IPC and Section 6 POCSO for allegedly touching private parts of child – Medical evidence and victim’s consistent statements showed no penetration – Held: Offence does not meet threshold for penetrative sexual assault – Conviction under Section 6 POCSO and Section 376AB IPC set aside – Modified to conviction under Section 354 IPC and Section 10 POCSO [Paras 6–9].

Evidence – Consistency of Victim’s Statement – No Support for Penetration – Medical Report Neutral – Statement of victim under Section 164 CrPC, trial testimony, and FIR consistently alleged inappropriate touching but not rape – No element of penetration made out – Presumption by lower courts of penetrative assault held erroneous [Paras 6–8].

Sentencing – Sentence Reduced – Sentences Ordered to Run Concurrently – Modified sentence of 5 years RI under Section 354 IPC and 7 years RI under Section 10 POCSO directed to run concurrently – Fine of ₹50,000 upheld and to be paid as compensation to victim within 2 months [Para 9].

Decision – Conviction under Section 376AB IPC and Section 6 of POCSO Act set aside – Conviction under Section 354 IPC and Section 10 POCSO imposed – Sentence reduced – Appeal allowed to that extent [Paras 9–10].

Criminal Law – Conviction Based on Circumstantial Evidence – Death Penalty Set Aside – The appellants were convicted for rape and murder of a minor under IPC, POCSO Act, and IT Act, with the first appellant sentenced to death – The prosecution's case rested entirely on circumstantial evidence including motive, last seen theory, and DNA evidence – The Supreme Court found serious flaws in the investigation, including failure to establish motive, unreliable last seen evidence, non-examination of crucial witness Nikhil Chand, suspicious arrest of the appellant, and grave inconsistencies in DNA evidence – Held: Prosecution failed to establish complete chain of circumstances beyond reasonable doubt – Convictions set aside – Accused acquitted of all charges [Paras 3, 9-11, 34-58].

Motive – Must Be Clearly Established in Circumstantial Cases – Not Proved – Prosecution alleged motive of sexual lust without supporting evidence – Witness who employed accused did not report his disappearance immediately – Held: Absence of clear and credible motive weakens prosecution case in a circumstantial trial [Paras 13-22].

Last Seen Theory – Delayed and Unreliable Witness Testimonies – Key Informant Withheld – Witnesses who allegedly saw accused near crime scene reported statements only after recovery of body – Victim not seen with accused – Nikhil Chand, who found body, was not examined – Held: Last seen theory fails; adverse inference against prosecution [Paras 24-33].

Arrest and Recovery – Illegal Detention and Fabricated Seizures – Arrest of Akhtar Ali from Ludhiana not properly documented – No independent witnesses – Recovery of hairband highly doubtful – Held: Arrest and recovery procedures vitiated, casting doubt on prosecution case [Paras 34-44].

DNA Evidence – Reliability Questioned – Expert Not Qualified – DNA of Akhtar Ali allegedly matched cervical swab, but not vaginal samples or smear slides – DNA expert held degree in Botany, not forensic science – Held: DNA report untrustworthy; likely tampered with; cannot form basis for conviction [Paras 45-50].

Sentencing – Death Penalty – No Mitigating Circumstances Considered – Death sentence imposed on same day as conviction without separate sentencing hearing – Held: Mandatory consideration of mitigating factors before awarding death penalty was not followed – Sentencing procedure violated law laid down in Manoj v. State of MP [Paras 5.8, 54].

Standard of Proof – Circumstantial Evidence – Chain Incomplete – Prosecution failed to eliminate all reasonable doubts – Key links missing in motive, last seen theory, and forensic chain – Held: Conviction unsustainable in law; acquittal warranted in capital punishment case [Paras 51-58].

Acquittal – Derivative Charges Against Co-Accused Also Fail – Charges against second appellant based on confession of first appellant – Once first appellant acquitted, case against second appellant collapses – Held: Both appellants entitled to acquittal [Para 55].

Criminal Law – Cheating – Section 420 IPC – Quashment of Proceedings – Educational institution accused of using a forged Fire NOC to secure recognition – National Building Code and writ directions established no Fire NOC was required for buildings below 15 metres – Held: Essential ingredient of dishonest or fraudulent inducement absent since recognition/renewal was not contingent on Fire NOC – Proceedings under Section 420 IPC quashed [Paras 5-11, 12-13, 16, 21-22].

Cheating – Ingredients – Deception vis-à-vis Inducement – Mere deception insufficient unless coupled with dishonest inducement causing wrongful gain or loss – Court reiterates that intention is the gist and the false representation must be material to the grant – As the alleged NOC was not a condition precedent, causative link between representation and administrative action missing – Outcome: No offence under Section 420 IPC made out – Reasoning draws from statutory definitions and precedents [Paras 12-16].

Forgery – Sections 465, 468, 471 IPC – Requirement of “making” a false document and mens rea – No material connecting the appellant to the creation of the alleged forged NOC – Original fabricated document not recovered – Without proof of making (Section 464 IPC) and requisite dishonest intent to cause wrongful loss/gain, offences under Sections 465/468/471 not attracted – Outcome: Forgery-based allegations unsustainable [Paras 18-20].

Administrative/Regulatory Compliance – National Building Code, 2016 – Fire NOC not necessary for educational buildings below 15 m – Appellant’s building 14.20 m – Prior writ order directed renewal of affiliation without insistence on Fire NOC – This regulatory framework undercuts the prosecution’s case on materiality and inducement – Outcome: Supports quashment [Paras 5-11, 16, 21].

Appellate Intervention – Scope at Quashing Stage – High Court erred by overlooking that uncontroverted allegations, read with the writ order and NBC norms, do not disclose essential ingredients of cheating/forgery – Supreme Court sets aside High Court order and quashes proceedings – Decision: Appeal allowed, CC No. 303/2020 quashed [Paras 21-22].

Homicide – Murder vs. Culpable Homicide – Sections 302 & 304 Part I IPC – Conviction Modified – Appellant convicted under Section 302 IPC for killing his brother-in-law – Evidence showed prior incidents of harassment of appellant’s sister and parents by the deceased – On the day of incident, deceased allegedly attempted to assault appellant with stone outside hospital, triggering retaliation – Held: act not premeditated; chance encounter and grave provocation proved – Conviction altered from Section 302 IPC to Section 304 Part I IPC [Paras 16–20].

Grave and Sudden Provocation – Applicability – Test Applied – Court held that seeing the deceased immediately after assaults on sister (leading to her hospitalization) and on parents, coupled with sudden attack attempt, constituted grave and sudden provocation – Appellant’s loss of self-control justified conversion of conviction [Paras 17–19].

Confession and Admissions – Voluntariness – Sections 164 & 313 CrPC – Appellant consistently admitted killing in confessional and examination statements, but explained circumstances – Court relied on admissions along with corroborative evidence to accept provocation defence [Paras 8–9].

Sentencing – Young Age and Custody Undergone – Modification – Appellant had already undergone more than 12 years in custody – Sentence reduced to period already undergone – Appellant directed to be released forthwith if not required in other cases [Paras 21–22].

Decision – Appeal partly allowed – Conviction under Section 302 IPC modified to Section 304 Part I IPC – Sentence reduced to period already undergone – Release ordered [Paras 20–23].

Criminal Appeal – Conviction for Trespass and Assault – IPC Ss. 447 & 323 – Acquittal – Appellants convicted by Trial Court and affirmed by High Court despite closure report finding land belonged to State – Complainant admitted prior enmity and gave only self-serving testimony corroborated by interested witnesses – Held: Prosecution evidence weak, no proof of ownership or possession by complainant, complaint a counterblast to proceedings under S.107 CrPC – Conviction unsustainable – Appeal allowed; appellants acquitted [Paras 6–10].

Probation of Offenders Act – Trial Court had granted probation under S.4 despite conviction – However, since conviction itself found unsustainable by Supreme Court, benefit of probation became redundant [Paras 2, 5, 10].

Appellate Scrutiny – High Court erred in mechanically affirming trial court findings without appreciating lack of independent corroboration and ignoring Investigating Officer’s closure report – Supreme Court intervened to prevent miscarriage of justice [Paras 7–8].

Decision – Appeal allowed; conviction and sentence set aside; appellants acquitted; bail bonds discharged [Para 10].

Bail in UAPA Case – Continued Incarceration – Bail Granted – Accused facing charges under UAPA and IPC for alleged association with banned organization and money transactions – Appellant incarcerated for over 2 years and 7 months – Only 3 witnesses examined so far – Trial likely to be prolonged – Some co-accused already granted bail – Court finds overt act attributable to appellant not so grave to deny bail – Held: Bail granted with conditions imposed by Trial Court [Paras 3–8].

Trial Expeditiousness – Direction to Trial Court – Supreme Court directs Trial Court to conclude trial within one year considering prolonged incarceration and slow pace of trial [Para 10].

Consequences of Non-Cooperation – Conditions for Cancellation of Bail – Court grants liberty to prosecution to seek cancellation of bail if the appellant is involved in future illegal activity or does not cooperate in trial – Preventive safeguards added to balance liberty and security [Para 9].

Decision – Impugned order denying bail set aside – Appeal allowed – Bail granted to appellant subject to trial court’s terms and conditions [Paras 8, 11].