Motor Vehicle Accident – Compensation for Disability – Reduction Challenged – The appellant, injured in a motor vehicle accident, suffered serious head injuries, including temporal and parietal bone fractures, resulting in 70% disability – Tribunal awarded compensation of ₹21,35,000, applying the multiplier method for loss of income – High Court reduced compensation to ₹6,69,017, awarding ₹3,000 per percentage of disability without applying a multiplier – Held: Determining compensation based on ₹3,000 per percentage is unsustainable – Loss of income due to disability and employability constraints requires awarding a lump sum of ₹7,50,000 under the head of loss of earning capacity – Total compensation recalculated as ₹12,09,017 with interest at 7.5% per annum [Paras 3, 10–12].

Compensation – Loss of Future Income – Application of Multiplier – The High Court erred by entirely rejecting the multiplier method for calculating loss of future income – Held: While the Tribunal’s blanket application of the multiplier was excessive, the High Court’s alternative of awarding ₹3,000 per percentage lacked justification – The Supreme Court adopted a reasonable lump sum approach, awarding ₹7,50,000 under the head of loss of earning capacity, consistent with the principles of National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Pranay Sethi, (2017) 16 SCC 680, and New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Urmila Shukla [Paras 7–12].

Pain and Suffering – Reassessment of Compensation – The High Court increased the compensation under pain and suffering from ₹25,000 to ₹50,000 – Held: Enhanced amount retained as reasonable considering the extent of injuries and prolonged suffering of the appellant [Paras 8, 12].

Counsel Representation – Prejudice in High Court Proceedings – During High Court proceedings, the appellant’s counsel withdrew representation, resulting in inadequate presentation of the appellant’s case – Held: This procedural lapse led to an error in the High Court’s determination of compensation – The Supreme Court reexamined the matter to ensure justice to the appellant’s legal representatives [Para 10].

Decision: The Supreme Court partly allowed the appeals, redetermining the total compensation at ₹12,09,017, inclusive of ₹7,50,000 for loss of earning capacity. Interest at 7.5% per annum was directed from the date of the claim petition until payment. The respondent-insurer is directed to deposit the balance compensation within six weeks, with credit given for amounts already paid [Paras 12–14].

Criminal Law – Conviction and Sentencing – Section 498A IPC and Section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act (DP Act) – Modification of Sentence – Appellant convicted under Section 498A IPC and Section 4 of DP Act for subjecting his wife (PW-4) to harassment with unlawful demands for dowry – Trial Court sentenced the appellant to three years imprisonment under Section 498A IPC and one year imprisonment under Section 4 of DP Act – High Court upheld the conviction but reduced the sentence to two years imprisonment for Section 498A IPC and one year imprisonment under Section 4 of DP Act, both to run concurrently – Supreme Court sustained the conviction but substituted the sentence with the period already undergone – Directed payment of Rs. 3,00,000/- as compensation to PW-4 – Appeal partly allowed (Paragraphs 2, 12, 14 to 17).

Dowry Demands – Evidence of Harassment – Credibility of Witnesses – PW-1 (Family Friend): Confirmed demands for 100 sovereigns of gold before and after the engagement – Appellant’s family demanded additional gold as a condition for participation in the marriage reception – Harassment due to unmet dowry demands established (Paragraph 6).

PW-2 (Bride's Sister): Testified that the appellant refused to participate in the reception unless additional gold was presented – Confirmed coercion by the appellant and his family (Paragraph 7).

PW-4 (Wife/De Facto Complainant): Corroborated the claims of dowry demands and mental trauma – Highlighted coercion for dowry and suppression of appellant’s first marriage (Paragraph 9).

PW-7 (Bride's Mother): Supported prosecution case – Confirmed harassment due to dowry demands, leading to severe mental hardships for PW-4 (Paragraph 10).

PW-11 (Photographer): Testified to non-cooperation by the appellant’s family during the marriage reception due to unmet dowry demands (Paragraph 11).

Concurrent Findings on Conviction – Applicability of Section 498A IPC and Section 4 of DP Act: Court held that harassment and coercion for dowry demands were proved – Ingredients of the offenses under Section 498A IPC and Section 4 of DP Act fully satisfied (Paragraphs 12 and 13).

Modification of Sentence – Special Considerations: Appellant had undergone three months in custody – Case pertains to an incident from 2006, and both parties have moved on in life – Prolonged litigation over 19 years considered – Supreme Court exercised discretion to substitute the remaining sentence with a direction to pay compensation (Paragraphs 14 to 16).

Compensation in Lieu of Sentence: Supreme Court directed the appellant to deposit Rs. 3,00,000/- in the Trial Court for payment to PW-4 as compensation – Trial Court to ensure disbursement upon proper identification – Compliance report required within six months (Paragraphs 16 to 18).

Decision: Conviction under Section 498A IPC and Section 4 of DP Act upheld – Sentence modified to the period already undergone – Compensation of Rs. 3,00,000/- directed – Appeal partly allowed (Paragraphs 17 and 18).

Quashing of Criminal Proceedings – Section 482 CrPC – Lack of Prima Facie Case – Proceedings Quashed – Allegations of harassment, physical assault, and criminal intimidation during wrongful termination – Held: Prima facie ingredients of offences under Sections 323, 504, 506, 509, and 511 IPC not disclosed – Discrepancies in complaint and chargesheet indicate a mala fide intent to convert a civil dispute into a criminal matter – Criminal proceedings quashed as abuse of legal process [Paragraphs 15-16, 27, 40, 48, 51, and 53].

Employer-Employee Dispute – Nature of Allegations – Civil versus Criminal – Allegations of wrongful termination and confiscation of laptop involve civil disputes – No material suggesting intent to cause bodily harm, insult modesty, or intimidate – Criminal proceedings initiated with mala fide intent to coerce settlement, resulting in abuse of law [Paragraphs 22-26, 30, 48, and 51].

Section 509 IPC – Insulting Modesty of a Woman – Scope and Application – Ingredients not satisfied – Mere use of "filthy language" without contextual details or gestures insufficient to establish intent or knowledge required to insult modesty – No prima facie case made out [Paragraphs 28-32].

Section 506 IPC – Criminal Intimidation – Legal Threshold – Absence of Specific Threats – Allegations of threats related to termination deemed insufficient to constitute intent to alarm – Prima facie ingredients of Section 506 IPC not established [Paragraphs 33-35].

Legal Principles – Quashing of Criminal Proceedings – Exercise of Powers under Section 482 CrPC – Courts to ensure no misuse of process – Held: Allowing the continuation of criminal proceedings in absence of prima facie evidence would result in travesty of justice – Principles reiterated [Paragraphs 47-48, 52-53].

Final Decision – High Court Order Set Aside – Entire criminal proceedings, including the chargesheet, quashed – Pending labour dispute unaffected – Appeals allowed [Paragraphs 54-55].

Civil Law - Stamp Duty Refund – Applicability of Amended Limitation Period – Section 48(1), Maharashtra Stamp Act – Retrospective Inapplicability of Amendments – Appellants entitled to claim refund under the unamended provision providing a two-year limitation from execution of the cancellation deed – Held: The amendment reducing the limitation period to six months could not retrospectively affect the accrued rights of the appellants, especially when the deed was executed prior to the amendment – Refund claim reinstated under the earlier regime [Paragraphs 3.1 to 3.9, 5, 8].

Quasi-Judicial Authority – Absence of Statutory Review Power – CCRA’s Recall of Refund Order Invalid – Quashing of Subsequent Orders – Authority acted beyond jurisdiction in reviewing its own earlier order allowing refund – Participation in an erroneous procedure cannot confer jurisdiction – Held: The subsequent orders reversing the refund sanction lacked statutory backing and were thus vitiated [Paragraphs 9, 10, 15, 16, 18].

Amendments to Limitation Provisions – Impact on Vested Rights – Principle of Non-Retrospective Application – The court reiterated the settled legal principle that limitation laws cannot retroactively extinguish accrued substantive rights – Such amendments are procedural but cannot bar a vested cause of action when applied retrospectively [Paragraphs 11, 13, 14].

Equitable Considerations – Technical Delay in Filing Refund Claim – Bona Fide Conduct – Court emphasized fairness in the refund scheme and directed refund along with simple interest @6% per annum due to the State's wrongful retention of funds – Directed the disbursement within four weeks, failing which an enhanced interest @12% p.a. would apply [Paragraphs 19, 20, 21].

Decision – Appeal allowed – Refund application upheld under the unamended provision – Orders recalling the refund were quashed – Refund with interest directed [Paragraphs 22, 23].

Dowry Harassment – Demand for Gold – Section 498A IPC and Section 4 DP Act – Conviction Upheld – The appellant married the complainant (PW-4) on 31.03.2006, but the marriage lasted only three days – It was alleged that the appellant and his family demanded 100 sovereigns of gold, failing which the appellant refused to participate in wedding ceremonies – The High Court confirmed the appellant’s conviction under Section 498A IPC and Section 4 DP Act while modifying the sentence – The Supreme Court found that the evidence from prosecution witnesses, including PW-1, PW-2, PW-4, PW-7, and PW-11, sufficiently established that the appellant harassed the complainant with the intent of coercing her family to meet unlawful dowry demands – Held: The conviction under Section 498A IPC and Section 4 of the DP Act is upheld [Paras 15-20].

Sentencing – Reduction of Sentence – Special Circumstances Considered – Period Already Undergone – The appellant was originally sentenced to two years imprisonment under Section 498A IPC and one year under Section 4 DP Act – The Supreme Court considered the special circumstances, including the prolonged litigation of 19 years, the fact that both parties had moved on in life, and the possibility of community service as an alternative punishment – The Court relied on Samaul Sk. v. State of Jharkhand & Anr., 2021 INSC 429, in reducing the sentence to the period already undergone – Held: Sentence modified to the period already undergone, with an additional direction to deposit Rs. 3,00,000/- as compensation to the complainant within four weeks [Paras 25-30].

Compensation in Dowry Harassment Cases – Discretionary Power of Court – Considering the prolonged litigation, impact on the complainant, and fairness in awarding relief, the Supreme Court exercised its discretion under the Dowry Prohibition Act and imposed a monetary compensation of Rs. 3,00,000/- to be paid by the appellant to the complainant – Held: Compensation to be deposited in the Trial Court within four weeks, failing which the appeal would be treated as dismissed and the appellant would have to undergo the remaining sentence [Paras 32-35].

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006 – Writ Petition under Article 226 – Maintainability – Appellant challenged the order of the Micro and Small Enterprises Facilitation Council (MSEFC) under Section 18 of the MSMED Act in a writ petition – Issue of whether a writ petition can be entertained against MSEFC orders/awards – Held: Writ jurisdiction under Article 226 is plenary and discretionary – Rule of alternative remedy is not an absolute bar, especially where there is a violation of natural justice, lack of jurisdiction, or a challenge to the vires of legislation – Referred to larger bench to determine the extent of writ jurisdiction against MSEFC orders/awards [Paras 12–15, 19].

Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 – Applicability – Section 18 of MSMED Act – Statutory Arbitration – Conciliators under MSEFC acting as arbitrators – Conflict with Section 80 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act (A&C Act), which bars conciliators from acting as arbitrators in the same dispute unless agreed otherwise – Larger Bench to decide whether this conflict affects the validity of MSEFC orders/awards when its members act as arbitrators after failed conciliation [Paras 6–7, 19(iii)].

Statutory Remedies – Alternative Remedy vs. Writ Jurisdiction – Deposits under Section 19 of MSMED Act – Requirement of 75% pre-deposit to challenge MSEFC awards – Supreme Court emphasized that while statutory remedies must usually be exhausted, onerous conditions like pre-deposit could justify exercise of writ jurisdiction in exceptional cases – Reiterated principles from Radha Krishan Industries v. State of Himachal Pradesh and Shyam Kishore v. Municipal Corporation of Delhi [Paras 13–18].

Judicial Precedents – Conflict in Interpretation – Divergent views between Jharkhand Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd. (writ petition maintainable in certain circumstances) and M/s India Glycols Ltd. (writ petition barred) – Larger Bench reference required to reconcile precedents and clarify the law [Paras 10–12, 19].

Decision: Questions referred to a larger Bench of five judges:
(i) Whether a writ petition can be entertained against MSEFC orders/awards.
(ii) Under what circumstances the principle of alternative remedy does not bar writ jurisdiction.
(iii) Whether MSEFC members acting as conciliators can also act as arbitrators under Section 18 of the MSMED Act, in light of Section 80 of the A&C Act [Para 19].

Criminal Law – Abetment of Suicide – Sections 306 and 107 IPC – The appellant, Laxmi Das, was accused of abetment of suicide on the grounds that she disapproved of her son’s relationship with the deceased and insulted the deceased. The Supreme Court held that there was no direct or indirect act of instigation or incitement by the appellant that led to the suicide. Disapproval of a marriage, even if true, does not constitute abetment unless specific acts of instigation are proven. The allegations were found too remote to meet the legal requirements of abetment under Section 306 IPC Paras8−14.

Evidence – Requirements for Abetment under Sections 306 and 107 IPC – The Court emphasized that abetment requires clear evidence of instigation, conspiracy, or intentional aid with mens rea. Casual remarks, disapproval, or indirect actions do not amount to abetment. The evidence did not demonstrate that the appellant’s conduct left the deceased with no option but to commit suicide Paras9−13.

Decision – Appeal Allowed – The Supreme Court quashed the charges against the appellant and dismissed the proceedings against her, while permitting the trial to continue against other accused persons. Charges under Section 306 IPC were set aside for the appellant  Para15.

Employment Law – Disciplinary Proceedings – Allegations of Misconduct – Respondent, a former branch manager of Syndicate Bank, was dismissed from service after a disciplinary inquiry found him guilty of misappropriation, fraudulent withdrawals, and irregularities – Respondent challenged the dismissal, claiming violations of natural justice and lack of evidence – High Court set aside the dismissal and ordered reinstatement with consequential benefits, which was partly overturned on appeal – Held: Disciplinary inquiry was conducted in accordance with natural justice, and the findings were based on evidence; however, the penalty of dismissal was found to be disproportionate [Paras 1–25].

Criminal Acquittal – Relevance to Disciplinary Proceedings – Respondent acquitted in criminal proceedings related to the same allegations – High Court relied on acquittal to justify reinstatement – Supreme Court clarified that standards of proof differ in criminal and disciplinary proceedings, and acquittal does not exonerate misconduct in disciplinary cases – Held: Findings of disciplinary authority based on evidence are valid [Paras 15, 16, 22].

Natural Justice – Fairness of Disciplinary Inquiry – Respondent argued that the inquiry violated natural justice principles due to non-examination of customers and cashier as witnesses – Supreme Court found the inquiry fair, as 95 documents were presented, and the respondent cross-examined the investigating officer – No evidence of procedural unfairness [Paras 22, 23].

Disproportionate Penalty – Modification of Punishment – Supreme Court considered the respondent's long unblemished service, recovery of misappropriated amounts, and mitigating factors such as work pressure – Held: Dismissal was disproportionate; penalty modified to reduction in pay scale under Regulation 4(e) of Syndicate Bank Officer Employees (Discipline and Appeal) Regulations, 1976 [Paras 23–25].

Key Observations – Responsibilities of Bank Officers – Court emphasized that bank managers are held to high standards of honesty and integrity – Misconduct of a serious nature, even without financial loss, undermines trust and discipline – However, penalties should be proportionate to misconduct [Paras 17, 24].

Decision: Appeal partly allowed – Disciplinary findings upheld, but dismissal modified to a minor penalty of reduction in pay scale for one year without cumulative effect – Respondent entitled to retiral dues within four months [Para 25].

Revenue Law – Mines and Minerals – Levy of Royalty on Brick Earth – The State Government levied royalty on brick kiln owners for excavating brick earth, which was declared a minor mineral under Section 3(e) of the Mines and Mineral (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957. The respondents argued that brick earth did not belong to the State. The Court ruled that the declaration of brick earth as a minor mineral allowed the State to levy royalty, irrespective of land ownership, as per the Punjab Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1964. The High Court’s decision was reversed, and the dismissal of suits by the Trial Court was restored. Paras1−15.

Civil Procedure – Jurisdiction of Civil Court – Rule 54F of Punjab Minor Mineral Concession Rules – The Court found that civil suits challenging royalty were barred since Rule 54F provided a proper appellate remedy. Disputes about royalty should be resolved through statutory channels instead of civil courts. Paras12−13.

Presumption of Ownership – Section 42 of Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887 – For records completed before 18th November 1871, where ownership was not explicitly recorded as belonging to landowners, ownership is presumed to vest in the State. However, this was irrelevant for royalty collection under the Mineral Rules. Paras8−13.

Decision – Appeals allowed – The High Court judgment was set aside. The Trial Court’s dismissal of suits was reinstated. The ownership of the lands was not adjudicated, and respondents were directed to use statutory remedies for any disputes over royalty amounts. Paras14−15.