NDPS Act – Non-compliance with Section 52A – Conviction Set Aside – The appellants were convicted under Sections 8/22 and 8/29 of the NDPS Act for possessing and trafficking Tramadol Hydrochloride Tablets. The Court observed that the prosecution failed to comply with the mandatory provisions of Section 52A of the NDPS Act, which requires the presence of a Magistrate during the inventory, sampling, and certification process of seized contraband. Since the samples were drawn and seized without the Magistrate's supervision, the trial was held to be vitiated – Held: Conviction set aside, appellants acquitted [Paras 12-16].

Search and Seizure – Lack of Independent Witnesses – Prosecution Case Doubtful – The search and seizure operation was conducted by the police without ensuring the presence of independent witnesses, as mandated by Section 100 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The entire operation relied solely on police witnesses, raising doubts about the credibility of the prosecution’s case, particularly given the absence of any justification for not securing independent witnesses – Held: Non-compliance with procedural safeguards further weakens the prosecution's case [Paras 7-8, 17-18].

Delay in Sending Samples to FSL – Tampering Suspected – The Court noted that the samples of the contraband were sent to the Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) with significant delay, violating the guidelines that require dispatch within 72 hours of seizure. The delay in sending the samples created a strong suspicion of tampering, further undermining the reliability of the prosecution's evidence – Held: Delay in sending samples raises doubts about the integrity of the contraband [Para 20].

Violation of Legal Safeguards – Trial Vitiated – The prosecution failed to ensure compliance with key provisions under the NDPS Act, such as Section 52A, and procedural requirements under the Code of Criminal Procedure. The failure to follow these safeguards undermined the fairness of the trial – Held: Trial vitiated due to procedural lapses; conviction quashed [Paras 19-20].

Decision: The appeals were allowed, and the appellants, having already served 4.5 years in jail, were ordered to be released immediately on the execution of bonds [Paras 21-22].
 

Civil Procedure – Grant of Leave Under Section 92 CPC – Judicial or Administrative Order – The petitioners challenged the grant of leave by the Principal District Judge for filing a suit under Section 92 of CPC, arguing that the respondents failed to demonstrate sufficient interest in the trust – Held: The court examined the nature of orders under Section 92 CPC and held that such orders are judicial, not administrative, as they affect substantive rights – Consequently, such orders are subject to revisional jurisdiction under Section 115 CPC or Article 227 of the Constitution [Paras 2-5, 15].

Necessary Parties – Failure to Implead the Trust – The petitioners argued that the suit was defective as the Madha Trust, the subject of the litigation, had not been made a party – Held: The failure to implead the trust is a fundamental flaw, as the trust is a necessary party in suits concerning its administration – The grant of leave was therefore erroneous [Paras 2-14].

Revision Jurisdiction – Maintainability – The court distinguished earlier decisions which treated the grant of leave as an administrative order and noted that such decisions have been impliedly overruled by subsequent Supreme Court judgments – Held: The revision petition is maintainable, and the order granting leave is set aside [Paras 9-16].

Decision: Civil Revision Petition allowed – The impugned order of the Principal District Judge granting leave under Section 92 CPC is set aside – Connected miscellaneous petition is closed [Para 16].

Criminal Law - Forfeiture of Bail Bonds – Procedural Fairness – Quashing of Trial Court Order – The petitioner challenged the order of the trial court which forfeited his bail bonds and issued an arrest warrant for non-appearance. The Court observed that there was a procedural fallacy, as the petitioner was not afforded an opportunity to explain his non-appearance, which was a prerequisite before cancellation of bail – Held: Bail bond forfeiture and arrest warrant quashed, bail restored [Paras 2, 4-6].

Non-appearance due to Miscommunication – Bail Not to be Canceled Mechanically – The petitioner contended that his absence from court was due to miscommunication with his counsel, who failed to file an exemption application. The Court held that personal liberty must be protected, and cancellation of bail cannot be ordered mechanically without considering the reasons for non-appearance – Held: Petition allowed, trial to proceed with original bail bonds restored [Paras 2, 4-5].

Surety Proceedings under Section 446 CrPC – Guidelines for Discharge of Surety – The Court quashed the proceedings initiated under Section 446 CrPC against the petitioner’s surety, observing that the trial court failed to follow the procedure for forfeiting the surety bond. The Court emphasized that adequate opportunity must be given to the surety to show cause before imposing any penalty – Held: Proceedings against surety quashed, bail restored [Paras 5-6].

Decision: The petition was allowed, the order of bail bond forfeiture was set aside, and the proceedings under Section 446 CrPC against the surety were quashed. Original bail bonds restored [Paras 7-8].
 

Pre-Arrest Bail – Alleged Sexual Intercourse on False Promise of Marriage – Petitioner accused of establishing a sexual relationship with the survivor on the false promise of marriage – Prosecution alleged that petitioner retracted his promise when the survivor became pregnant – Crime registered under Section 376(2)(n) IPC – Petitioner claimed the relationship was consensual, and the allegation of false promise was baseless, citing an agreement between the parties to live together – Petitioner’s marriage was subsisting at the time, leading to complications – Petitioner sought anticipatory bail, asserting he was being harassed due to the survivor's ulterior motives [Paras 2-5].

Consent and False Promise – Legal Standards – Court examined whether the promise to marry was made in bad faith, citing Pramod Suryabhan Pawar v. State of Maharashtra and other precedents – Held: If the relationship is consensual and the promise of marriage was not made with the intent to deceive from the outset, the offence of rape cannot be attributed – No sufficient evidence to establish that the petitioner’s promise was false at the time of the relationship's commencement [Paras 10-12].

Consensual Relationship Distinguished from Rape – Court referenced Dr. Dhruvaram Murlidhar Sonar v. State of Maharashtra and Vishnu vs. State of Kerala to draw a distinction between consensual sex and rape based on false promises – Found that there was a consensual relationship between the parties, and the petitioner’s inability to marry the survivor due to an ongoing marriage did not amount to rape – FIR registered with a significant delay, further indicating that the case was not clear-cut [Paras 10-13].

Pre-Arrest Bail – Principles for Granting – Court applied the legal principles for granting anticipatory bail as laid down in Bhadres Bipinbhai Sheth v. State of Gujarat – Held that courts must carefully examine the allegations, particularly whether they are frivolous or aimed at unjust harassment – Found the petitioner had made a valid case for pre-arrest bail, subject to stringent conditions [Paras 14-15].

Decision – Bail Granted – Application for pre-arrest bail allowed – Court directed petitioner to surrender before the Investigating Officer and comply with bail conditions, including furnishing a bond and appearing for interrogation – Observations made for the purpose of granting bail should not affect the merits of the case during trial [Paras 15-16].

Green Card System – Unauthorized Issuance – Prima Facie Case – Articles of Association – The issuance of Green Cards to overage dependents violated Articles 13(3a) and 13(3b) of the Delhi Gymkhana Club’s AoA – The Green Card system was an informal practice introduced without legal sanction, lacking recognition in the AoA – Held: The Green Cards issued in 2019 were illegal and void ab initio, and the termination of these privileges was justified [Paras 14-20].

Historical Practices – No Legal Rights – Custom and AoA – Plaintiffs sought to claim Green Card privileges based on past practices of the Club – Held: Historical practices that contradict the express terms of the AoA cannot confer enforceable legal rights – The issuance of Green Cards was ultra vires and unenforceable under the AoA, despite past practices [Paras 22-29].

Natural Justice – Principles of Fairness – No Notice or Hearing – Plaintiffs argued that the suspension and termination of Green Card privileges without notice violated the principles of natural justice – Held: Given the broader corrective context following the Naidu Committee Report and NCLT directives, procedural infirmities were not substantial enough to invalidate the termination of illegal privileges [Paras 46-48].

Contractual Rights – No Membership Status for Green Card Holders – Plaintiffs claimed contractual rights under Company Law and the AoA – Held: Green Card holders were not recognized as members under the AoA and could not claim the same rights or protections as formal members – The Green Card arrangement was a discretionary policy without legal standing [Paras 34-40].

Interim Injunction – Balance of Convenience and Irreparable Harm – Plaintiffs failed to establish a prima facie case for interim relief, as the Green Cards were issued outside the scope of the AoA – The balance of convenience did not favor the Plaintiffs, and the offer of refunds mitigated potential financial harm – Interim injunction denied [Paras 49-55].

Decision: The applications for interim injunction are dismissed. The termination of Green Card privileges is upheld, and the Plaintiffs are not entitled to interim relief.

Landlord-Tenant Dispute – Oral Lease Agreement – Enhancement of Rent – The appellants, representing a corporation, appealed against the trial court’s decision to award enhanced rent and repair costs to the respondent-plaintiff, who had leased six godowns to the appellants. The respondents claimed that the appellants had agreed to an oral contract for rent enhancement and repair charges. Held: The appellants continued possession after the lease expiry, and their failure to respond to the plaintiff’s repeated notices implied acceptance of the enhanced rent. The court upheld the trial court’s findings, except for the interest rate awarded. [Paras 13-20]

Failure to Enter Witness Box – Adverse Inference – The appellants did not enter the witness box to rebut the plaintiff’s claims, leading to an adverse inference under the principle set by the Supreme Court in Vidhyadhar vs Manikrao. The defense was unsupported by evidence, and the court concluded that the plaintiff's claims stood unchallenged. [Para 21]

Modification of Interest Rate – Judicial Discretion – The court reduced the interest rate on the awarded amount from 12% to 6% p.a. post-decree, while maintaining 12% interest from the date of suit till the decree. This was in line with legal precedents discouraging excessive interest rates. [Paras 22-25]

Decision: Appeal Partially Allowed – The court modified the trial court’s judgment regarding the interest rate but upheld the award of ₹11,78,851/- for enhanced rent and repair costs. Interest at 12% p.a. was awarded from the date of suit till the decree, and 6% p.a. thereafter till realization. [Paras 25-27]

Review Application – Scope of Review – Order 47 Rule 1 CPC – The applicants sought a review of the court's judgment dismissing their plea for enhanced compensation for acquired land in light of the Full Bench decision in Gajraj Singh vs. State of U.P. Held: Review is limited to the discovery of new evidence, error apparent on the face of the record, or analogous grounds. The applicants failed to demonstrate any error apparent or new evidence that could not have been produced earlier. The review was not meant for re-hearing the matter on merits or as an appeal in disguise [Paras 12-22].

Acquisition of Land – Compensation Claims – Review Dismissed – The court upheld the original judgment denying the applicants' claim for enhanced compensation under the Gajraj Singh ruling, as the applicants’ land had been purchased through sale deeds executed in November 2001, before the acquisition notifications. The applicants were not entitled to additional compensation, and the review did not meet the grounds necessary for reconsideration [Paras 7-9, 24-25].

Decision:

Review Application Dismissed – The court dismissed the review application, holding that no error apparent on the face of the record or new evidence had been demonstrated by the applicants. The judgment dated 22.04.2022 stood affirmed [Paras 23-25].

Criminal Law - Rash and Negligent Driving – Acquittal - High Speed Not Proof of Negligence – Sections 279, 304A, IPC – The appellant sought to challenge the acquittal of the accused, claiming the bus was driven in a rash and negligent manner – Held: High speed alone is not sufficient to infer rashness or negligence – The testimony indicating that the bus was being driven at 60 km per hour was within the prescribed speed limit under Section 112(1), Motor Vehicles Act – There was no material to substantiate negligence solely based on speed [Paras 24-30].

Parking on Highway – Violation of Rule 15(2), Rules of Road Regulations – Contributory Negligence – The accident occurred due to a collision between the bus and a stationary truck parked on the highway – Held: The truck driver violated Rule 15(2) by parking alongside another vehicle, causing a dangerous obstruction – The accident cannot be attributed solely to the bus driver, as the truck driver’s negligence contributed significantly to the incident [Paras 31-35].

Witness Testimony – Inconsistencies and Inferences – The key witnesses either did not witness the accident or provided contradictory statements regarding the bus driver’s negligence – Held: Witnesses cannot infer negligence without factual support – The testimonies lacked the necessary facts to establish the accused’s negligence beyond a reasonable doubt [Paras 36-40].

Decision – Acquittal Upheld – Appeal Dismissed – The trial court’s judgment was reasonable based on the evidence presented – The court found no reason to interfere with the acquittal of the accused, as the prosecution failed to prove rash and negligent driving beyond a reasonable doubt [Paras 41-45].

Criminal Law – Murder - Appeal Against Acquittal – Standard of Appellate Scrutiny – Section 378, CrPC – Presumption of Innocence Reaffirmed – The appellate court held that acquittal can only be set aside when the trial court’s findings are perverse or based on a misapprehension of evidence – Emphasis placed on the injured witness’s consistent testimony and corroborating medical evidence, strengthening the prosecution’s case – Appeal partly allowed to overturn acquittals of accused nos. 5, 6, and 10, but conviction modified from murder to culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Section 304 Part II, IPC, due to a lack of premeditated intent [Paras 18-24].

Evidentiary Value of Injured Witness – Credibility of Eyewitness Testimony – Injured eyewitness, also the complainant, provided a consistent account of the incident, corroborated by an independent eyewitness and medical records – Trial court erred in dismissing this testimony due to minor contradictions – Court reiterated the high evidentiary value of injured witness statements unless compelling reasons for dismissal exist [Paras 13-16].

Unlawful Assembly – Common Intention and Individual Liability – Sections 147, 149, and 34, IPC – The court held that despite the gathering of the accused with deadly weapons and involvement in a lethal altercation, no sufficient proof of common object to murder existed – Convictions altered to reflect lesser offense under Section 304 Part II, IPC due to lack of premeditation and evident escalation from a mutual confrontation [Paras 19-23].

Acquittal Affirmed for Accused No. 3 – Insufficient Evidence – Allegations against accused no. 3 were limited to verbal abuse without physical participation in the assault – Court upheld trial court’s acquittal for accused no. 3, citing lack of incriminating evidence beyond abuse [Para 23.1].

Decision: The appeal is partly allowed. The acquittal of respondent accused nos. 5, 6, and 10 is reversed, with conviction under Section 304 Part II of the Indian Penal Code. The sentence for these respondents is limited to the period already undergone, considering the incident’s age and lack of clear premeditated intent. The acquittal of accused no. 3 is affirmed, as no substantive evidence links them to the assault beyond verbal abuse [Paras 23-25].