Service Law - Dismissal from Service – Disproportionality of Punishment – Petitioner challenging orders of Summary Security Force Court (SSFC) and Directorate General BSF – Alleged disproportionate dismissal from service for using threatening and insubordinate language towards superior officer and another constable, and conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline – High Court upholding the dismissal considering the seriousness of the charges. [Para 2-4, 6-8]

Disciplinary Proceedings in Armed Forces – Seriousness of Charges – Petitioner, a constable in BSF, found guilty of using threatening language towards a superior officer, insubordinate language, and conduct detrimental to force discipline – SSFC verdict and respondent’s decision to mitigate imprisonment but retain dismissal upheld by the High Court – Emphasis on maintaining discipline in armed forces. [Para 5-6, 8]

Judicial Review – Scope in Disciplinary Cases – High Court’s limited scope in reviewing disciplinary actions in armed forces – Refusal to interfere with SSFC’s decision and Directorate General’s order in petitioner’s case due to the gravity of the offences and the importance of discipline in armed forces. [Para 7-8]

Decision – High Court dismisses the petition upholding SSFC’s and Directorate General’s orders – Dismissal from service maintained considering the nature of charges and the necessity of discipline in armed forces. [Para 8]

Land Acquisition and Ownership – Government’s acquisition of land in Karkardooma, Delhi – Plaintiffs’ claim for ownership and management rights over land – Trial and First Appellate Courts dismissed claim due to government acquisition and lack of legal standing of plaintiffs [Paras 3, 6, 7, 26-33].

Pairokar (Agent) Relationship – Plaintiff’s failure to establish that defendant No.1 was an agent (Pairokar) of his late mother, Smt. Mohro Devi, for managing the suit land – No documentary evidence provided, reliance on self-testimony insufficient [Paras 13-21].

Estoppel Principle – Application of Section 116 of the Evidence Act, 1872 – Plaintiff’s claim for relief based on alleged landlord-tenant relationship with defendants not substantiated [Paras 31-32].

Trespass and Encroachment – Clarification that defendant No.1, despite occupying the suit land, does not gain legal rights over it through this judgment – Municipal Corporation of Delhi authorized to act against encroachment [Paras 35-36].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Plaintiff Shiv Prakash’s claim over the suit land rejected due to lack of title and standing after government acquisition. Defendant Mool Chand also recognized as a trespasser with no legal rights to the land.

Criminal Appeal – Conviction for Offense under Section 304A IPC – Challenge against Conviction and Sentence – Appellant convicted under Section 304A IPC for rash and negligent driving causing death, challenges conviction and sentence after trial for offense under Section 304 IPC – Appeal heard by Kerala High Court. [Para 1]

Negligent Conduct – Rash and Negligent Driving Resulting in Death – Allegation that appellant drove bus rashly and negligently on Ernakulam Paramara Road, causing death of pedestrian – Convicted under Section 304A IPC by I Additional Sessions Judge, Ernakulam. [Para 2-3]

Evidence and Witness Testimonies – Analysis of Eyewitness Accounts – Examination of witnesses (PW1-PW16) and evidence (Exts.P1-P36) – Witnesses confirm appellant's rash driving and presence at accident scene – Testimonies and physical evidence establish occurrence of incident as charged. [Para 6-14]

Identity of Driver and Mechanical Defect Argument – Prosecution proves beyond doubt appellant was bus driver at incident time – Dismissal of contention that mechanical defect caused incident, based on witness testimonies and inspection report of bus. [Para 15-17, 14]

Legal Interpretation – Conviction under Section 304A IPC Post Trial under Section 304 IPC – Discussion on legal permissibility of convicting for offense under Section 304A IPC when tried for offense under Section 304 IPC – Referencing relevant case laws and Section 221 of Code of Criminal Procedure. [Para 19-29]

Decision – Upholding Conviction and Sentence – High Court finds no reason to interfere with conviction or sentence considering the gravity of offense – Appeal dismissed, affirming trial court's decision. [Para 30]

Bail - Onerous Bail Conditions – Petitioner accused in 1726 crimes – Difficulty in producing separate sureties for each case – Court’s view on impracticality of such conditions – Same surety can be accepted in different cases – Value of bond not necessarily commensurate with quantum involved in crime [Paras 2, 7-9, 11]

Legal Framework of Bail Bonds – Sections 440, 441, and 443 Cr.P.C. – Role of sureties in ensuring accused's presence at trial – No requirement for sureties to guarantee crime's monetary value – Respectability of surety sometimes more significant than property ownership [Paras 6, 7]

Court Fees for Prisoners’ Petitions – Section 72(xiii) of the Kerala Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act, 1958 exempts prisoners’ petitions from court fees – Court fees should not be demanded for petitions filed by accused in custody [Para 10]

Decision: Directed courts dealing with the petitioner's bail applications in 1726 crimes not to insist on separate sureties for each case – Accepted solvency and reliability of surety as sufficient – Petitions by prisoners exempted from court fees.

Regular Bail – NDPS Act – Denial of regular bail in case involving the recovery of ganja – Petitioner involved in illegal sale of ganja, caught in the act of filling pouches with ganja – Recovery of 30 Kg ganja and 1384 empty pouches from the petitioner – Bail denied due to the gravity of the offence and petitioner's criminal history in NDPS-related cases. [Para 1, 2.1, 2.2, 12, 15]

NDPS Act Compliance – Contention of non-compliance of Section 42 of the NDPS Act by the petitioner – Petitioner's argument of the recovered material not falling within the definition of 'ganja' under the NDPS Act – Court's interpretation that seeds accompanied by flowering tops fall within the definition of ‘ganja’ – FSL report indicating the presence of Tetrahydrocannabinol in the recovered material – Petitioner's contention found without merit. [Para 3.1, 6, 7, 9, 11]

Case Law References – Reliance on various judgments by both parties – Discussion of cases relevant to the definition and recovery quantity of ganja under the NDPS Act – Court distinguishes the present case based on the nature of recovered material and precedents. [Para 3.2, 10, 12, 13, 14]

Decision – Considering the petitioner's involvement in multiple NDPS cases and previous convictions – Court finds the petitioner to be a habitual offender in drug trafficking – Bail petition dismissed based on the seriousness of the offence and the petitioner's criminal history. [Para 15, 16]

Cheque Dishonour - Inquiry Prior to Issuance of Process – Discrepancy in judicial opinions regarding whether the amendment in Section 202, sub clause (1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure is mandatory or directory – Larger Bench constituted for resolution – Reference to earlier divergent views of Justices V.M. Kanade and S.C. Dharmadhikari – The amendment concerns inquiry before issuance of process by the Magistrate when the accused resides outside the court’s jurisdiction. [Para 1]

Deferment of Reference and Evolution of Law – Reference to the larger Bench deferred due to pending appeal in Apex Court – The evolution of law and relevant Apex Court judgments, particularly focusing on Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, and its intersection with Section 202 of the Code of Criminal Procedure – Apex Court’s Constitution Bench decision in suo motu Writ Petition (CRL) No.2 of 2020 provided clarity. [Paras 2-3]

Constitution Bench Clarification – The Constitution Bench of the Apex Court in suo motu Writ Petition (CRL) No.2 of 2020 clarified the mandatory nature of inquiry under Section 202 for complaints under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 – Emphasized the need for the Magistrate to conduct an inquiry and establish sufficient grounds before issuing summons to the accused residing outside jurisdiction. [Para 4]

Evidence on Affidavit Permissible – Section 202(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure interpretation by Apex Court – In cases under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, evidence of witnesses for the complainant can be on affidavit, without insistence on evidence on oath – Magistrate may examine documents to decide sufficiency of grounds for proceeding. [Para 4]

Application in Present Case – The issue in the present case, relating to whether an inquiry under Section 202 of the Cr.P.C is mandatory or directory, was settled by the Apex Court – Magistrates given discretion in pending complaints where accused reside outside their territorial jurisdiction – Reference to the implementation of the Constitution Bench’s orders by the Bombay High Court. [Paras 5-6]

Principles for Magistrate’s Inquiry – Magistrate’s duty to scrutinize allegations and separate unfounded claims before issuing process, especially when the accused is outside jurisdiction – The inquiry should aim at ascertaining the truth of allegations based on the material presented by the complainant. [Para 7]

Avoidance of Frivolous Claims and Vindication of Justice – Summoning of an accused is a serious matter requiring careful examination of allegations and evidence – The Magistrate must ensure the complaint establishes the charge before issuing process, to avoid harassment and uphold justice. [Para 8]

Criminal Appeal – Acquittal in Abetment to Suicide and Cruelty Case – Appeal against conviction for offenses under Sections 306/34 and 498A IPC – Appellant acquitted due to lack of direct evidence and failure to prove cruelty as defined in Section 498A IPC. Inconsistencies in prosecution witnesses and evidence led to reasonable doubt. [Para 1-12, 14-15, 17-20, 22-24, 26-30]

Marriage and Cruelty – Unusual circumstances surrounding marriage – Victim's pregnancy leading to marriage with appellant – Subsequent loss of child and impact on victim’s mental state considered. Absence of direct evidence of physical or mental torture by appellant. [Para 17, 22]

Evidence and Presumption – Section 113A of the Indian Evidence Act – Application of presumption in case of suicide by married woman within 7 years of marriage – Requirement of establishing cruelty as per Section 498A IPC – Presumption is rebuttable and dependent on the circumstances of each case. In this case, lack of direct evidence of cruelty led to acquittal. [Para 23-24, 26]

Investigation and Prosecution – Question over authenticity of initial complaint – Potential for concoction in FIR – Non-production of first information received by police raises doubt about prosecution's case. [Para 29]

Decision – Judgment of Learned Sessions Judge set aside due to reasonable doubt and lack of evidence – Appellant acquitted and released from charges under Sections 306/34 and 498A IPC. [Para 30-31]

Promotion Policy and LDCE Notification Challenge - Petitioner challenges circular dated 13.11.2023 on eligibility criteria for LDCE in DGM (E-4) Grade in Finance Cadre of IRCTC - Questions the arbitrariness of setting the cut-off date as 13.11.2023 instead of 01.07.2022 per IRCTC promotion policy - Argues for retrospective effect on promotion from 01.07.2022. [Paras 1-4, 14-15, 18-20]

Arguments for Retrospective Promotion - Citing delay in promotion notification and examination process - Petitioner contends eligibility for promotion should be from 01.07.2022, making him eligible for LDCE under the impugned circular. [Paras 4, 8-11, 14, 18-20]

Respondent's Counter and Supreme Court Precedents - Respondent counters citing specific rules on promotion, vacancy notification, and examination process - Relies on Supreme Court judgments emphasizing promotion from date of actual grant, not vacancy occurrence. [Paras 5-8, 14-17, 22-25]

Analysis and Findings - Court finds no merit in petitioner’s arguments - Holds that promotions are not to be granted retrospectively unless specifically allowed by rules - Dismisses petition, confirming that petitioner's promotion date does not entitle him to appear for LDCE under the impugned circular. [Paras 12-27]

Decision - Petition dismissed, no order as to costs - Pending application also disposed of. [Para 27]

Mutual Funds as Investment, Not Business – The Tribunal and CIT(A) held that transactions in mutual funds were investments, not stock-in-trade, based on factors like quantum, frequency, holding period, purpose, and disclosure in financial records. Gain on mutual fund redemption deemed as capital gain, not business income. [Paras 11-15]

Capital Contribution and Deemed Dividend – Capital contributions by KPFSE and KICIPL to respondent not deemed as loans or advances, thus not falling under Section 2(22)(e) for deemed dividend taxation. Tribunal upheld this view, citing the nature of the transaction and shareholding details of KPFSE and KICIPL. [Paras 16-21]

Non-Applicability of Section 150(1) Directions – Tribunal correctly decided that CIT(A)'s observations couldn't be treated as a direction under Section 150(1) of the Act for adding deemed dividend to Mr. Pradeep Wig and Mrs. Neera Wig’s income. [Paras 22]

Decision – Tribunal's decision upheld, no substantial question of law for consideration by High Court. Appeal disposed of without interference in Tribunal's order. [Paras 23-25]