Discharge Application – Absence of Sanction – Cognizance Invalid – Prosecution Barred – Petitioner, a retired official, was prosecuted without obtaining sanction under Section 197 CrPC for IPC offences – Court held cognizance taken without required sanction is procedurally defective and unsustainable – Impugned order rejecting discharge application set aside [Paras 5–9, 27–28, 33].

Delay in Prosecution – Cognizance After 14 Years – Right to Speedy Trial Violated – Court noted extraordinary delay from FIR in 2003 to cognizance in 2017, despite earlier closure report – Held: Such delay without protest petition or justification violates Article 21 of the Constitution and vitiates trial [Paras 10, 13–18, 23–26, 30–32].

No Criminal Intent – Administrative Lapse Not Criminal Misconduct – Charges Unsubstantiated – Petitioner involved in contract processing with no personal gain – Closure report filed recommending departmental action – Held: No prima facie case under PC Act; mere procedural lapses don't establish criminality [Paras 7–8, 14, 29].

Double Standards – Closure Accepted in Parallel Case – Discriminatory Prosecution – Same facts led to closure in VGR No. 35 of 2003, but cognizance taken in VGR No. 29 of 2003 – Court held inconsistent treatment undermines fairness of prosecution [Paras 21–22, 33].

Decision – Revision Petition Allowed – Order Rejecting Discharge Set Aside – Prosecution against Petitioner Quashed – Cognizance taken without sanction and after excessive delay held invalid [Paras 34–35].
 

Civil Writ - Public Employment – Recruitment Process – Junior Accountant Selection Challenge – Petitions Dismissed – Petitioners assailed the selection process and final appointments of Junior Accountants, raising grievances related to the merit list, document scrutiny, and transparency – The Court held that unless there is proven illegality, irrationality, or procedural impropriety, judicial review of recruitment decisions is limited – No violation of Articles 14 and 16 was established – Held: Petitions dismissed with no case for interference in finalized selection and appointment process [Paras 23–30].

Criminal Law - Sections 471, 417, and 420 IPC - Forged Caste Certificate – Use as Genuine Document – Conviction Upheld - The petitioner used a forged Scheduled Tribe certificate to gain employment in a reserved post in the CRPF, although he did not belong to the ST category – The prosecution successfully established the falsity of the certificate through documentary evidence and failure of the petitioner to rebut the presumption under Section 106 of the Indian Evidence Act – Held: Use of forged document knowingly attracts Section 471 IPC even if not personally forged by the accused [Paras 13-15, 20-24].

Section 471 IPC – Requirement of Prior Proving of Forgery – Not Mandatory - Argument that conviction under Section 471 cannot be sustained without proving Section 464 IPC rejected – Court held that using a document as genuine knowing it to be forged suffices – Referred to and distinguished Supreme Court precedents including Mir Nagvi Askari and Deepak Gaba cases [Paras 16-24].

Probation and Sentencing – Sections 360 and 361 CrPC – Sentencing Procedure Defective - The Trial Court failed to consider the mandatory provisions of Sections 360 and 361 CrPC and did not record special reasons for refusing probation – Court reiterated that sentencing must consider background, circumstances, and first-time offender status – Conviction affirmed but sentence set aside for fresh consideration in line with CrPC provisions [Paras 25-37].

Decision – Conviction Maintained, Sentence Set Aside – Case Remanded for Fresh Hearing on Sentence - The conviction under Sections 471, 417, and 420 IPC was upheld – However, sentencing was set aside due to non-compliance with Section 360 and 361 CrPC – Case remanded to Trial Court for fresh hearing on sentence with direction to consider probation [Paras 37-39].
 

Criminal Law – Quashing - Proclaimed Person – Improper Service and Ex Parte Order – Order Quashed – The petitioner was declared a 'proclaimed person' under Section 82 Cr.P.C. in a complaint under Section 138 NI Act, allegedly without proper service of summons or warrants and at an incomplete address – Petitioner claimed no knowledge of proceedings until police action in March 2025 – Held: In the interest of justice and securing the presence of the accused, one opportunity granted to the petitioner to surrender and face trial – Order declaring him a proclaimed person quashed, subject to conditions [Paras 1-7].

Restoration of Trial – Conditional Bail Granted – The petitioner was allowed to surrender before the trial Court by 17.05.2025 and be released on bail upon furnishing bonds and undertaking future cooperation – Cost of Rs.10,000/- imposed, to be deposited at an old age home as directed by the trial Court – Failure to comply within the stipulated time would nullify the benefit of this order [Para 7].

Decision – Petition Allowed – Declaration of petitioner as proclaimed person set aside – Petitioner to appear before trial court and comply with conditions – Petition disposed with liberty to revive trial proceedings [Paras 7-8].

Civil Law - Amendment of Pleadings – Scope under Order VI Rule 17 CPC – Amendment Rejected - The amendment sought by the plaintiff was not a mere correction but a substantive change converting the nature of the original suit for permanent injunction into a new suit for declaration, specific performance, and consequential reliefs – Held: Such an amendment was impermissible at the rebuttal stage as it sought to introduce a completely new case, thereby requiring a de novo trial with new issues and evidence – Court relied on Life Insurance Corporation of India vs. Sanjeev Builders Pvt. Ltd., 2023 (1) RCR (Civil) 851, and found the trial court’s order unsustainable [Paras 6-8].

Nature of Suit – Change in Relief Sought – Not Permitted – The plaintiff sought to alter the entire structure of the original suit by introducing fresh reliefs and altering the basis of the claim – Held: A plaintiff cannot, at an advanced stage, change the nature of a suit entirely under the guise of amendment, particularly when there was significant delay without satisfactory explanation [Paras 6-8].

Decision – Amendment Application Dismissed – Revision Petition Allowed - The trial court’s order dated 05.07.2019 allowing the amendment was quashed – The High Court held that the amendment would prejudice the defendants and alter the original cause of action beyond permissible legal limits [Paras 8-9].

Criminal Law - Confiscation Proceedings – Death of Accused – Trial Abated – Property to be Released – Appellant’s predecessor died before conclusion of corruption trial – Trial abated without conviction – Court held confiscation contingent on conviction and continuation thereof post-abatement is unconstitutional – Held: Confiscation not sustainable, property to be released under Section 19 of the Act [Paras 18-22].

Section 19 Orissa Special Courts Act – Scope – Not Limited to Acquittal or Appellate Modification – Application Maintainable after Death – Authorized Officer wrongfully refused jurisdiction – High Court clarified that Section 19 permits release even if no conviction occurs due to death – Held: Officer retains power even if confiscation was based on anticipation of conviction [Paras 19-20].

Legal Doctrine – Deemed Acquittal – Presumption of Innocence – Applies on Death Before Verdict – Trial’s abatement equated to ‘not convicted’ status – High Court held accused must be treated as innocent posthumously – Retention of confiscated property without adjudicated guilt offends constitutional rights of heirs [Paras 21-22].

Jurisdiction of Authorized Officer – Not Functus Officio – Power Continues for Property Release – Court rejected State’s argument that Officer had no power post-confiscation – Held: Power under Section 19 exists independently of appellate modification or acquittal – Matter remanded for fresh consideration [Paras 19, 23].

Decision – Appeal Allowed – Order of Authorized Officer Set Aside – Case Remanded for Fresh Decision under Section 19 – Officer to consider release of confiscated property in accordance with law [Para 24].
 

Criminal Law - Sexual Offences – Conviction under Section 354 IPC – Unreliable Testimony – Acquittal Ordered – Trial court convicted appellant for outraging modesty of a minor after framing of rape charge under Section 376 IPC – Victim’s father denied lodging FIR and was declared hostile – Victim disowned her statement under Section 164 CrPC and failed to identify appellant – Medical evidence did not support sexual assault – Held: Prosecution failed to establish offence under Section 354 IPC – Conviction set aside [Paras 9–17]. 

Statement under Section 164 CrPC – Not Substantive Evidence – Victim Disowned Prior Statement – Victim testified that she signed Section 164 statement under police instruction – High Court reiterated that such statements are only corroborative and cannot be sole basis for conviction – In absence of corroboration, no evidentiary value could be attached – Held: Conviction without substantive evidence is untenable [Paras 12, 16]. 

Prosecution Lapses – FIR Not Proved – Hostile Witnesses – No Independent Corroboration – Complainant did not support FIR, mother denied knowledge of occurrence, scribe of FIR not examined – No effort to establish chain of events or motive – Investigating officer failed to examine material witnesses or visit crime scene – Held: Investigative lapses fatal to case [Paras 10–13, 16]. 

Standard of Proof – Criminal Trial – Serious Contradictions and No Credible Evidence – Contradictions between medical evidence and testimonial accounts created serious doubt – Victim’s claim of assault unsupported by any forensic or ocular evidence – Held: Charges not proved beyond reasonable doubt – Acquittal justified [Paras 15–17]. 

Decision – Appeal Allowed – Conviction under Section 354 IPC set aside – Appellant acquitted – Discharged from bail bond under Section 481 BNSS after six months [Paras 17–19]. 

Wakf Property – Gazette Notification – Binding Nature on Third Parties – Inclusion Not Final – Appellants’ land was classified as Wakf property in a 1962 gazette without notice to them – High Court held that such notification under Wakf Act, 1954 is not binding on third-party purchasers – Appellants can file civil suit to challenge inclusion – Held: Notification per se does not extinguish private ownership rights absent adjudication [Paras 1–16, 21–23].

Alternative Remedy – Civil Suit for Title – Writ Not Maintainable – High Court Reaffirms Principle – Appellants directed to seek remedy by filing suit under Wakf Act, 1995 challenging validity of notification – Status quo protection granted for 3 months – Held: Proper remedy lies in civil forum, not under writ jurisdiction when disputed questions of title exist [Paras 16, 20, 23].

Wakf Act – 1954 vs. 1995 – Change in Language – No Retrospective Effect – Notifications Made under 1954 Act Continue to Be Governed by Earlier Law – Contention that Wakf Act, 1995 binds all persons rejected – Held: Inclusion in Wakf list under 1954 Act not binding on strangers, as held in Radha Krishna case – No requirement to file suit within one year if not “interested persons” [Paras 13–15].

Section 22-A of Registration Act – Bar on Registration of Wakf Land – Deletion Possible – Appellants Entitled to Seek Deletion – Full Bench Judgment in Vinjamuru Rajagopala Chary Referred – Held: Appellants can move Wakf Board to seek deletion of their land from prohibited list under Section 22-A(c) [Paras 17–19].

Decision – Writ Appeal Disposed – Appellants Given 3 Months to File Suit – Status Quo to Be Maintained Until Suit is Filed and Thereafter Until Disposal – Civil remedy held open, writ remedy denied due to availability of alternative forum [Paras 23–24].
 

NDPS Act – Section 29 Conspiracy – Aggregation of Quantities – Bail Denied – Although the individual quantity of Ganja recovered from the petitioner was only 1.990 kg (below commercial quantity), bail was denied due to prima facie evidence of conspiracy involving multiple accused jointly transporting 27.7 kg of Ganja – CDRs showed frequent communication between petitioner and co-accused; location data confirmed coordinated travel and presence at site of recovery – Held: Material supports prima facie inference of conspiracy, justifying invocation of Section 37 NDPS Act [Paras 4–6, 16–30].

Bail – Section 37 NDPS Act – Two-Pronged Test Not Satisfied – Judicial Discretion Limited – Bail cannot be granted unless both conditions under Section 37(1)(b) are satisfied: (i) the Court must be satisfied that the accused is not guilty, and (ii) not likely to re-offend – On facts, neither condition was met – Mere clean antecedents and age of petitioner not sufficient to override statutory bar [Paras 21–23, 30].

Telecommunication & Location Evidence – CDRs and Travel Patterns – Sufficient for Prima Facie Conspiracy – High frequency of calls among accused in days before arrest and their synchronized movement from Cooch Behar to Delhi held sufficient to establish prima facie conspiracy – Court relied on Delhi precedents holding that conspiracy may be inferred from circumstantial conduct even where recoveries are made separately [Paras 24–28].

Decision – Bail Application Dismissed – Court upheld trial court's rejection of bail based on prima facie material suggesting conspiracy to traffic commercial quantity – Rigors of Section 37 NDPS Act held attracted [Paras 31–33].