Scope of Section 100 CPC – Exercise of Second Appellate Jurisdiction – High Court can interfere with lower courts’ findings only when there exists a substantial question of law – Interference with findings of fact not warranted unless perverse or based on no evidence – Held: The concurrent findings of the Trial Court and First Appellate Court dismissing the suit were based on proper appreciation of evidence – No substantial question of law involved, warranting interference [Paras 16-18, 26-29].

Possession and Title – Plaintiff’s burden to establish ownership and possession – Plaintiff claimed to have retained 0.10 cents of land after selling 0.72 cents to the defendant – However, sale deed (Ex.B1) did not reflect retention of any land by the plaintiff – Plaintiff failed to adduce evidence proving ownership or possession – Held: Plaintiff failed to prove that he retained ownership or possession of the disputed land – Suit rightly dismissed by both courts below [Paras 22-24].

Evidentiary Value of Documents – Plaintiff relied on Ex.A2 to prove ownership and possession of the suit land – Witnesses PWs.2 and 3, examined to support Ex.A2, did not corroborate the plaintiff’s claim – Courts below found no evidence in Ex.A2 supporting plaintiff’s claim of ownership over 0.10 cents of land – Held: Plaintiff failed to prove ownership or possession through Ex.A2 or other documentary evidence [Paras 23-24].

Cross-Examination – Plaintiff failed to cross-examine DW1 and DW2 – Testimonies of defense witnesses, therefore, remained unchallenged – Courts below rightly considered their testimonies – Held: Plaintiff’s failure to challenge the defense’s version weakened his claim – Findings of lower courts justified [Paras 20-21].

Decision: Second Appeal dismissed – No substantial question of law involved – Trial Court and First Appellate Court’s concurrent findings upheld.

Taxation Law – VAT - Taxation of Set-Top Boxes (STBs) – Whether STBs are Goods – Interpretation of Section 2(15) KVAT Act, 2003 – The petitioners challenged the Karnataka Appellate Tribunal’s decision, which held that Set-Top Boxes (STBs) provided to subscribers for a fee constitute a ‘sale’ under Section 2(29)(d) of KVAT Act, 2003 – Petitioners argued that STBs are not ‘goods’ but mere appliances that facilitate television signals – Held: STBs qualify as ‘goods’ as they are movable property, subject to sales tax when right to use is transferred.

Transfer of Right to Use – Applicability of VAT – Whether Exclusive Possession is Required – Petitioners contended that mere provision of STBs does not amount to transfer of right to use as ownership remains with the service provider – Held: Exclusive possession or transfer of title is not necessary – As long as the subscriber has effective control and benefits from STB usage, tax liability arises under Article 366(29A)(d) of the Constitution – VAT rightly levied on the rental/activation fees collected for STBs.

Service Tax vs. VAT – Double Taxation Issue – Whether Levy of VAT on STBs is Valid – Petitioners argued that Service Tax was already paid on the subscription charges, and thus VAT cannot be imposed on the same transaction – Held: VAT and Service Tax operate on distinct aspects – VAT applies to the right to use goods, while Service Tax applies to services – Both can coexist when there is discernible sale and service elements in the transaction – No illegality in imposing VAT on STBs separately from Service Tax on broadcasting services.

Retrospective Effect of Government Notification Dated 15.03.2021 – Validity of Tax Demand – Petitioners challenged the retrospective amendment via Notification under Section 174(2) of Karnataka GST Act, 2017, arguing that it improperly revived KVAT liabilities – Held: The State has power to issue retrospective notifications under Section 164(3) of KGST Act, 2017 – Repeal of KVAT Act does not extinguish pending tax liabilities – Impugned tax demand upheld as valid and enforceable.

Final Decision – Petitions Dismissed – VAT Demand Upheld – The High Court dismissed the petitions, affirming the Karnataka Appellate Tribunal’s ruling that VAT is leviable on the right to use STBs – Levy of ₹2,000 per STB as taxable consideration upheld – No relief granted to petitioners.
 

Civi Law - Rejection of Plaint – Order VII Rule 11 CPC – Cause of Action and Limitation – The Respondents sought to declare a judgment and decree as null and void on allegations of fraud – Held: The Plaint did not disclose any specific averments as to how the decree was obtained by fraud – Additionally, the cause of action to challenge the Agreements to Sell arose in 2012, and the suit filed in 2019 was clearly barred by limitation – High Court set aside the ADJ’s order and allowed the application under Order VII Rule 11 CPC [Paras 30-33, 39-41].

Fraud as a Ground to Challenge a Decree – Limits of Judicial Review – The Respondents alleged that the Agreements to Sell were forged, as purportedly supported by an FSL Report – Held: Fraud must be specifically pleaded and proved – The Respondents had multiple opportunities to contest the allegations during trial but failed to do so – The FSL Report, being an expert opinion, was not substantive evidence to justify reopening a concluded judgment – A challenge to fraud must be raised within limitation and cannot be entertained belatedly [Paras 27-28, 34-38].

Res Judicata – Effect of Ex-Parte Decree – The Respondents failed to contest the original suit despite being duly served and appearing for over four years – Held: A party cannot reopen a case merely because an ex-parte decree was passed – The decree had attained finality as the application under Order IX Rule 13 CPC and subsequent FAO were dismissed – The suit was a collateral attack on a final decree and an abuse of process [Paras 29-31].

Limitation – When Cause of Action Arises – The Respondents claimed they became aware of the fraud only upon receiving the FSL Report in 2018 – Held: The cause of action to challenge the Agreements to Sell arose in 2012 when they were first produced in court – The FSL Report is an opinion and cannot extend the period of limitation – The suit, filed beyond three years, was clearly barred [Paras 36-39].

Decision – Revision Petition allowed – Order of ADJ, Dwarka, dated 08/01/2021 set aside – Respondents’ Suit (CS No. 482/2019) rejected as barred by limitation and failing to disclose a cause of action – No costs awarded [Paras 40-42].
 

Taxation Law  – Withholding Tax under Section 197 Income Tax Act  – Assessing Officer must consider previous years' tax treatment – The Court held that under Rule 28AA of the Income Tax Rules, the Assessing Officer (AO) is required to consider the past four years' tax history before issuing a withholding tax certificate – Since in the previous assessment year (AY 2024-25), the petitioner was granted Nil withholding tax under similar circumstances, the AO’s decision to impose 2% TDS for AY 2025-26 was arbitrary and unjustified [Paras 24-26].

Income Tax – Permanent Establishment (PE) – No prima facie evidence of PE under DTAA – The Court ruled that for business profits to be taxable in India under Article 7 of the India-Ireland DTAA, the petitioner must have a Permanent Establishment (PE) in India – The AO failed to establish a PE and merely speculated that SFDC India acted as a dependent agent – Held: Since no new facts were presented, the AO’s reasoning was erroneous and contrary to past assessments [Paras 40-42].

Tax Treaty Interpretation – Reseller Agreement – Principal-to-Principal Relationship – The Court examined the Amended and Restated Reseller Agreement between SFDC Ireland and SFDC India – Held: The agreement clearly defined SFDC India as an independent reseller operating on a principal-to-principal basis, without authority to bind SFDC Ireland – SFDC India’s involvement in pricing and contract negotiations was insufficient to establish a Dependent Agent PE (DAPE) under Article 5 of the DTAA [Paras 31-35].

Income Classification – Business Profits vs. Royalty/FTS – No Tax Liability in India – The AO incorrectly rejected the petitioner’s request for Nil withholding tax based on uncertainty regarding taxability – Held: The Court had previously ruled that payments from SFDC India to the petitioner do not constitute Royalty or Fees for Technical Services (FTS) under Article 12 of the DTAA – The AO did not dispute this classification, making the withholding tax order legally unsustainable [Paras 36-39].

Judicial Precedent – Prior High Court Judgment Binding on AO – The Court emphasized that in the previous year (AY 2024-25), the High Court quashed a similar order imposing withholding tax on SFDC Ireland – The AO failed to distinguish the current assessment year from the previous one – Held: The AO cannot arbitrarily change tax treatment without clear legal justification [Paras 37-39].

Decision – Writ Petition Allowed – Withholding Tax Order Quashed – The Court set aside the order dated 09.07.2024 and the withholding tax certificate, directing the AO to issue a fresh certificate with Nil withholding tax in line with past assessments – No costs imposed [Para 43].
 

Civil Law - Partition Suit – Co-Ownership Established – Appeal Dismissed – The respondents sought partition of 1/3rd share in 2 kanals of gair mumkin land, claiming ownership through sale deeds – The appellant contended that she had exclusive possession based on an unregistered writing from 1985 – The lower courts found that the appellant failed to prove her exclusive ownership and held that all parties were co-owners – Held: The property was jointly owned, and the appellant was not entitled to claim exclusive possession; partition decree upheld [Paras 9-10].

Unregistered Writing – No Legal Basis for Ownership Claim – The appellant claimed to have purchased 14 marlas of land in 1985 through a writing, but no registered sale deed was produced – The courts rejected this claim, holding that unregistered documents cannot confer ownership rights in immovable property – Held: In the absence of a registered sale deed, the claim of exclusive ownership is unsustainable [Paras 9].

Sale Deeds of Respondents – No Challenge Filed – The appellant argued that the sale deeds executed in favor of the respondents were invalid – The courts noted that the appellant never formally challenged these sale deeds in legal proceedings – Held: Without a legal challenge, the validity of the sale deeds cannot be questioned [Paras 10].

No Substantial Question of Law – Second Appeal Dismissed – The Court reaffirmed that a second appeal under Section 100 CPC is maintainable only if a substantial question of law arises – Since both lower courts correctly applied legal principles and factual findings, no interference was warranted – Held: No substantial question of law; appeal dismissed [Paras 10].
 

Bail Cancellation – Non-Service of Mandatory Notice – Section 15(A) of SC/ST Act – Petitioner sought cancellation of bail on the ground that he was not informed before the bail hearing – Bail was granted on 28.11.2022, but the official notice was sent only on 03.12.2022, after the bail order – Held: Section 15(A) of the SC/ST Act mandates prior notice to the victim before deciding bail applications – However, police records showed that the complainant was informed via mobile communication before the bail hearing – No procedural violation established – Bail not cancelled [Paras 6-7].

Mode of Notice – Use of Technology for Compliance – WhatsApp, SMS, and Call Notifications – Whether Sufficient – The petitioner argued that formal written notice was required, while the respondents contended that informing via mobile call/SMS met the legal requirement – Held: Courts must adopt a pragmatic approach in the digital age – Bombay High Court in Shobha v. State of Maharashtra upheld WhatsApp/SMS notifications as valid notice methods – Rajasthan High Court endorses the use of digital communication for bail notices under SC/ST Act with proper documentation [Paras 8-9].

Judicial Mandate – Directions to Police Authorities – Implementation of Digital Notification System – The court observed inconsistencies in the communication process between Investigating Officers and Public Prosecutors – Held: Director General of Police (DGP) and Home Department must ensure that all Investigating Officers use digital records (WhatsApp, SMS, screenshots) to prove compliance with Section 15(A) of SC/ST Act – A Nodal Officer to be appointed in each district to supervise notice delivery [Paras 10-11].

Decision:   Bail cancellation applications dismissed – No violation of Section 15(A) of SC/ST Act found – Mobile communication considered valid notice – Directions issued to Rajasthan DGP and Home Department to implement a standardized digital notification system for informing complainants in bail matters [Paras 11-12].
 

Criminal Procedure – Application under Section 311 CrPC – Power of the Court to Summon Witnesses – The CBI sought to summon 22 additional witnesses at the final stage of trial – The trial court rejected the application, citing delay and potential prejudice to the accused – Held: While Section 311 CrPC provides wide discretionary powers to summon witnesses at any stage, the discretion must be exercised judiciously – The prosecution cannot use this provision to fill gaps in its case – However, material witnesses essential for adjudicating the matter must be allowed [Paras 14-16, 27].

Fair Trial – Balancing Speedy Trial and the Right to Present Evidence – The accused opposed the application on the grounds that it was the fourth such request and amounted to an abuse of process – Held: Speedy trial is a fundamental right, but it must be balanced with the prosecution’s right to present relevant evidence – If additional evidence is necessary to ensure justice, procedural technicalities should not prevent its admission – The Court allowed summoning of certain crucial witnesses while rejecting others [Paras 20-21, 30].

Electronic Evidence – Production of Section 65-B Certificate – The prosecution sought to recall PW-42 to produce a certificate under Section 65-B of the Indian Evidence Act – Held: As per Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal, (2020) 7 SCC 1, and State of Karnataka v. T. Naseer, 2023 LiveLaw (SC) 965, a Section 65-B certificate can be produced at any stage before trial concludes – The trial court erred in rejecting the application on grounds of delay [Paras 26-27].

Judicial Precedents – Permissibility of Recalling Witnesses – The Court relied on Zahira Habibulla H. Sheikh v. State of Gujarat, (2004) 4 SCC 158, which emphasized that courts must actively seek the truth and not act as passive spectators – Further, in Rajaram Prasad Yadav v. State of Bihar, (2013) 14 SCC 461, it was clarified that seeking additional evidence is permissible if it is essential for a just decision and not merely to fill lacunae [Paras 17-19, 25].

Decision – Petition Partially Allowed – The Court permitted the summoning of specific key witnesses, including:
(i) The officer who granted sanction for prosecution,
(ii) Nodal officers of telecom companies to authenticate call records,
(iii) CBI officers involved in seizure memos,
(iv) Special Commissioner of Police, Delhi, to clarify deposition ambiguities,
(v) Registrar General’s Office representative to prove official correspondence – The remaining witnesses were not deemed necessary, and their summoning was denied – The trial court directed to conclude witness examination within four weeks without unnecessary adjournments [Paras 28-30].
 

Civil Appeal - Probate Proceedings – Burden on Propounder to Establish Valid Execution of Will – The appellant sought a letter of administration based on an unregistered Will dated 26.01.1990—The trial court rejected the petition, citing suspicious circumstances and unreliable testimony of the attesting witness—Held: In probate cases, the propounder must establish the Will’s execution beyond suspicion—Mere admission of signatures does not establish a valid Will—Appeal dismissed [Paras 6-10].

Suspicious Circumstances – False Testimony of Attesting Witness – The attesting witness, Malkiat Singh, gave contradictory statements regarding the execution and typing of the Will—He was confronted with prior testimony from civil proceedings, revealing inconsistencies—Held: Attesting witness must be trustworthy and consistent—Unreliable testimony justifies rejection of probate—Findings of lower court upheld [Paras 11-12].

Effect of Prior Civil Suit – Settlement Contrary to Will’s Terms – One of the properties mentioned in the Will was the subject of a civil suit settled in 2015—The settlement distributed property contrary to the Will’s terms—Held: Conduct of parties in agreeing to natural succession negates reliance on the Will—Probate cannot be granted when beneficiaries themselves disregard its contents [Paras 5-7].

Final Decision – Appeal dismissed – No probate granted due to suspicious circumstances—Testamentary court must be satisfied that the testator executed the Will with full knowledge—Attesting witness’s credibility found lacking [Paras 13-14].
 

Service Law – Assistant Teacher Recruitment – Termination – Inflated Marks – Petitioners appointed pursuant to ATRE 2019 later terminated on ground of having entered higher marks in their application forms – Respondents contended such entries were deliberate and altered merit position – Held: Candidates who gained undue advantage by inflating marks were rightly terminated as their appointments were void ab initio – No estoppel against the State in cases of misrepresentation [Paras 31-37]. 

Service Law – Human Error vs. Misrepresentation – Petitioners contended errors were inadvertent or rectified later through affidavits – Court held that procedural opportunity for rectification does not cure falsification of merit-related data – Human error defence rejected for petitioners who gained advantage by incorrect entries – Held: Entry of inflated marks is a material misrepresentation, not a trivial lapse [Paras 33-36]. 

Principles of Equity – Estoppel – Delay in Termination – Petitioners argued that length of service (5 years) precludes termination and triggers estoppel – Court held that fraud vitiates all solemn acts – Appointment secured by deceit cannot be regularised, and no estoppel or delay can validate an illegal appointment [Paras 32, 34, 35]. 

Relief – Differentiation between Advantageous and Disadvantageous Errors – Petitioners Preeti, Manish Kumar Mahaur, Rinku Singh, and Sweety Shokeen were found to have either disclosed marks as per outdated mark-sheets or disclosed marks that placed them at a disadvantage – Their appointments upheld as no undue advantage was gained – Termination orders against them quashed [Paras 24, 38, 40-41]. 

Recruitment Process – Judicial Scrutiny – Court reiterated settled legal position that public employment obtained by misrepresentation warrants cancellation regardless of delay or prior appointment – Reiterated principles laid down in Jyoti Yadav, Rahul Kumar and other precedents [Paras 25-30, 36]. 

Decision: Writ petitions partly allowed – Termination orders quashed only for Preeti, Manish Kumar Mahaur, Rinku Singh and Sweety Shokeen – Writ petitions dismissed as to remaining petitioners – No order as to costs.