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by sayum
17 February 2026 8:32 AM
A Conviction Must Be Based on Evidence, Not Assumptions – Madras High Court has ruled that a driver cannot be convicted for rash and negligent driving merely because an accident occurred, emphasizing that criminal liability requires clear proof of reckless conduct. Setting aside the conviction of a Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (TNSTC) driver in a fatal road accident case, the Court held that an individual cannot be found guilty under Section 304(A) of the IPC unless there is direct evidence showing negligent driving at the time of the incident.
Delivering the judgment in Venkatraman v. State of Tamil Nadu, Justice P. Velmurugan declared, "Mere involvement in an accident does not establish negligence. A conviction must be based on evidence, not assumptions or speculation."
By acquitting the driver, the Court reaffirmed the fundamental principle that criminal liability cannot be imposed without proving negligence beyond reasonable doubt.
The case arose from a road accident that took place on August 12, 2012, at 4:40 AM on the East Coast Road near Marakanam in Villupuram District. The accused, Venkatraman, was driving a TNSTC bus from Pondicherry to Chennai when it collided with a stationary van and a container lorry. The crash resulted in one fatality, eight grievous injuries, and thirteen minor injuries.
The police registered a case under Sections 279, 337, 338, and 304(A) IPC, alleging that the accident was caused due to the driver’s rash and negligent driving. The Judicial Magistrate, Tindivanam, convicted him, imposing a one-year sentence under Section 304(A) IPC, along with fines for other charges. The Sessions Court upheld the conviction, leading the driver to file a criminal revision petition before the Madras High Court.
"No Direct Evidence of Negligence, No Conviction"
The High Court, after carefully examining the prosecution’s case, ruled that the conviction was based on assumptions rather than concrete proof of negligence. Justice Velmurugan, emphasizing the lack of direct evidence, stated, "For an offense under Section 304(A) IPC, the prosecution must establish that the driver acted in a manner that was reckless or negligent to the extent that it led to the accident. In this case, there is no such proof."
The Court highlighted several flaws in the prosecution’s case:
• There were no eyewitnesses who testified that the driver was driving rashly before the accident.
• Passengers in the bus were asleep at the time of the accident and did not witness the manner of driving.
• The complainant admitted that his own vehicle capsized before the collision, raising doubts about whether the bus driver had any chance to avoid the crash.
• The conductor’s testimony was vague and did not establish that the driver was speeding or driving negligently.
Rejecting the prosecution’s contention that the driver should be presumed negligent simply because the accident occurred, the Court ruled, "Criminal courts cannot convict individuals based on speculation. There must be solid evidence proving that the accused was at fault, which is absent in this case."
Reversing the lower courts' decisions, the High Court held that the accused was entitled to the benefit of doubt since there was no direct evidence of negligence. Justice Velmurugan, setting aside the conviction, observed, "A conviction cannot be sustained on assumptions. The prosecution has failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused was guilty of rash and negligent driving."
Acquitting the driver, the Court ordered that any fines paid by him be refunded.
This judgment in Venkatraman v. State of Tamil Nadu reinforces that criminal liability under Section 304(A) IPC requires clear proof of negligence and cannot be imposed merely because an accident occurred. The High Court has ensured that individuals are not wrongfully convicted based on assumptions, reaffirming the fundamental principle that guilt must be proven beyond reasonable doubt.
Date of Decision: 14 March 2025
