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by sayum
17 February 2026 8:32 AM
“A Trespasser Cannot Claim to Be in Adverse Possession While Pleading an Injunction” - Supreme Court of India delivered a defining ruling on the interpretation of land grabbing under the Andhra Pradesh Land Grabbing (Prohibition) Act, 1982, clarifying that illegal occupation of land—even without malicious or violent intention—constitutes land grabbing.
The bench of Justices K. Vinod Chandran and Sudhanshu Dhulia held: “The mens rea or intention required is only of illegally taking possession of land, through unlawful or arbitrary means… It is not necessary that there should be criminality in the act of encroachment.”
The ruling dismantles the argument that only deliberate, violent, or unscrupulous land seizure qualifies as “grabbing” under the Act.
“A Trespasser Cannot Claim to Be in Adverse Possession While Pleading an Injunction”
The case revolved around disputed possession of land in Survey No. 9, Saroornagar village, Ranga Reddy District. The respondent, having acquired title through a registered sale deed dated 25.02.1965, accused the appellant of encroaching and constructing on that land, although his sale deed related to a different parcel—Survey No. 10.
The appellant argued he occupied the land in good faith and that at best, it was a case of civil trespass, not “land grabbing”. He also claimed adverse possession over time.
Rejecting this, the Court held: “The plea of adverse possession is wholly untenable, especially when the appellant had earlier approached the civil court seeking injunction against eviction. This puts to peril the plea of adverse possession since it puts paid the foundation of hostile animus.”
The Court emphasized that a person claiming adverse possession cannot simultaneously admit the title of another and seek injunction against the rightful owner.
“Land Grabber Includes One Who Enters Into Possession Without Lawful Title”
The appellant, relying on a registered sale deed from 1997 in respect of Survey No. 10, was found occupying a portion of Survey No. 9. The Special Court under the Land Grabbing Act, aided by the Survey Commission’s report, confirmed that the structure built by the appellant encroached into the respondent’s land.
Refusing to read the Act narrowly, the Supreme Court stated: “The Land Grabbing Act includes both broad and narrow definitions… A land grabber need not always be a criminal trespasser in the classic sense. Even occupation through legal means but without lawful title can be termed land grabbing.”
The Court endorsed the Special Court's view that once a claimant establishes prima facie title, the burden shifts to the possessor to prove lawful occupation.
“On prima facie proof being offered, the onus will shift to the land grabber… The appellant herein has not been able to do so before the Special Court.”
“Labeling Special Courts as Summary Tribunals Is an Injustice to Their Legal Status”
The appellant further contended that the Special Courts under the Land Grabbing Act conducted proceedings in a summary manner, violating procedural fairness.
Rejecting this, the Court underlined the hybrid civil-criminal nature of such forums: “The Special Court is constituted with both civil and criminal jurisdiction… These courts follow the Code of Civil Procedure. To refer to such courts as summary tribunals would be a gross injustice to their legal standing.”
The Court reaffirmed that the Land Grabbing Act vests full authority in these courts to resolve disputes of title, possession, and unlawful occupation.
Supreme Court Warns Against Loose Interpretations of Land Rights
The Supreme Court conclusively held that the appellant’s claim of ownership was untenable, that his occupation was unlawful, and the act of possession fell squarely within the definition of land grabbing.
“The survey numbers evidenced in the sale deed… together establish the allegation of land grabbing.”
Dismissing the appeal, the Court restored the High Court’s and Special Court’s orders directing eviction and restoration of possession.
Date of Decision: 15 May 2025
