Facts:

The petitioner, Dr. Ashwani Kumar, filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution, seeking a legislative framework against custodial torture based on the UN Convention. The petitioner argued that custodial torture is a crime against humanity and violates Art.21.

Issues:

Whether the court should invoke jurisdiction under Arts.141, 142 for the protection and advancement of human dignity in the context of custodial torture.

Held:

The court acknowledged its authority to lay down general rules/guidelines in extraordinary cases of human rights violations. However, the court emphasized that a mere allegation of human rights violation or environmental concerns is not a sufficient basis for judicial intervention. It argued that directions should be issued with great care and circumspection.

The court stated that issuing directions when a matter is already pending consideration with the executive or Parliament would be inappropriate, as it might be interpreted as judicial participation in the legislative process. It asserted that any direction at this stage would undermine the role assigned to the judiciary under the Constitution.

The judgment emphasized the importance of respecting the constitutional separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It discussed the powers and functions of each branch and highlighted the need for interdependence and coordination for effective governance.

The court concluded that the judiciary should not encroach upon the fields reserved for the legislature and the executive. It clarified that judges, while interpreting statutes and exercising judicial review, do not legislate but ensure the legality and validity of legislation and governmental actions.

Facts:

The accused, Jagbir Singh, was charged with murdering his wife by setting her on fire with kerosene oil.

Contradictory statements were made by the victim, initially claiming accidental fire due to petrol leakage, but later accusing the accused of pouring kerosene oil.

Issues:

Reliability of dying declarations.

Admissibility and consistency of multiple dying declarations.

Absence of a medical certificate regarding the fitness of the person making the dying declaration.

Presence of kerosene and the alleged conspiracy against the accused.

Held:

Conviction Based on Dying Declaration: The court emphasized the admissibility and evidentiary value of a dying declaration.Conviction can be solely based on a dying declaration if it inspires confidence and lacks suspicion.

Multiple Dying Declarations: Acknowledged the possibility of multiple dying declarations with inconsistencies. Emphasized the need to examine the entirety of materials and circumstances surrounding the dying declarations to determine the truthful one.

Medical Certificate and Dying Declaration: Absence of a medical certificate is not fatal if the voluntary and truthful nature of the declaration can be established otherwise.A certification by the doctor is a rule of caution, but its absence does not invalidate the dying declaration.

Dismissal of Conspiracy Claim: Dismissed the appellant's claim of a conspiracy to deprive him of the deceased's property.Highlighted that the appellant had no legal right to the property under the Hindu Succession Act.

Evidence of Kerosene Use: Overwhelming evidence indicating the use of kerosene, including its presence in the premises, forensic examination, and witness statements. Rejected the appellant's claim of an accidental fire caused by a motorcycle's petrol leakage.

Decision:

The appeal was dismissed, affirming the convictions based on the reliable dying declaration and supporting evidence.

Facts:

Dispute arising from a partnership where an FIR was filed on 17.11.2017, alleging siphoning of funds and business improprieties.

Arbitration Petition filed by the appellant under Section 11 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, seeking appointment of an Arbitrator based on the partnership deed dated 30.01.2015.

High Court, relying on 'A. Ayyasamy v. A. Paramasivam and Others,' dismissed the Section 11 application, citing the nature of the dispute involving serious allegations of fraud as unsuitable for arbitration.

Issues:

Whether the nature of the dispute, with allegations of fraud, is fit for arbitration proceedings.

Applicability of the principles laid down in 'A. Ayyasamy v. A. Paramasivam and Others' to the present case.

Held:

The Supreme Court clarifies that the relevant law is in paragraph 25 of 'A. Ayyasamy v. A. Paramasivam and Others.' It emphasizes the distinction between serious allegations affecting the entire contract and "simple allegations" related to internal affairs. The court concludes that the disputes are arbitrable as they fall under "simple allegations," and the Section 11 application is maintainable.

The court holds that the disputes raised between the parties are arbitrable, and thus, a Section 11 application under the Arbitration Act is maintainable.( Paragraph 7)

The judgment under appeal is set aside, and with the consent of the parties, Justice Amareshwar Sahay is appointed as the sole arbitrator to resolve all disputes.( Paragraph 8)

The court emphasizes that nothing in the judgment will affect the ongoing investigation pursuant to the FIR.( Paragraph 9)

The appeal is disposed of.( Paragraph 10)

Facts:

The case involves land acquisition proceedings under Sections 4 and 6 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894.

The High Court had issued a stay order on the acquisition proceedings concerning land from the same village, under the same notification and project.

Issues:

Whether the failure to declare an award under Section 11 within two years from the date of publication of the declaration under Section 6 would attract Section 11A.

The impact of the stay order by the High Court on the computation of the statutory period for passing an award.

Held:

The scheme of the acquisition justifies the authorities in not proceeding with acquisition proceedings when an interim stay is granted in respect of one pocket of land, affecting other pockets as well.(Paragraphs: 7.5 (i), (ii), and (iii))

The extended meaning of "stay of the action or proceedings under Section 11A of the Act" includes any interim effective order passed by the court hindering authorities from proceeding further. The period of stay must be excluded in computing the statutory period of two years.( Paragraphs: 7.5 (iv) and (v))

The exclusion of the period of stay applies even when the award was declared, but certain lands were excluded. Any order of stay that prevents the state authorities from passing an award deserves exclusion in computing the statutory period.(Paragraph: 7.6)

There is no bar to having more than one declaration or award under Sections 6 and 11 for the same acquisition proceedings. However, if there is a court-ordered stay, it prevents authorities from completing the acquisition within the statutory period.( Paragraph: 7.7)

The High Court erred in quashing the acquisition proceedings based on the argument that the award was not declared within two years from the Section 6 declaration. The period of interim stay granted by the High Court should have been excluded.(Paragraph: 8)

Decision: The appeals are allowed, and the acquisition proceedings are not considered lapsed. The High Court's decision to quash the acquisition proceedings is deemed erroneous.

Facts:

The case involves criminal proceedings under Sections 265, 267, 420, 34, 120B, 467, 468, and 471 of the IPC, Sections 3 and 7 of the Essential Commodities Act, and Sections 12/30 of the Weights and Measures Act, 1976 and Legal Metrology Act, 2009.

Issues:

The applicability of the Legal Metrology Act, 2009, in relation to offenses under the IPC.

The scope of Section 153 of the Cr.P.C. in cases involving weights and measures.

The jurisdiction of the High Court under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C.

Held:

Applicability of Legal Metrology Act vs. IPC The Legal Metrology Act, 2009 is deemed a special Act vis-à-vis the IPC. Section 3 of the Act overrides provisions of Chapter XIII of IPC for offenses and penalties. Section 51 clarifies that IPC provisions related to weight and measures offenses do not apply to offenses punishable under the Act. Therefore, an accused cannot be charged for the same offense under Chapter XIII of IPC if the offense is established under the Legal Metrology Act (Para 31, 33, 34, and 36).

Scheme of the Act The Act primarily addresses non-standard weights and measures and tampering with standards. Offenses under IPC, such as cheating, and those under Sections 467, 468, 471, and 34, are not covered by the Act. Prosecution for such offenses is maintained as they are not inconsistent with the Act (Para 35).

Inapplicability of Section 153 of Cr.P.C. Section 153 of the Cr.P.C. is made inapplicable under the Act, as the power of search and seizure is vested in designated authorities. Therefore, the entire Cr.P.C. is inapplicable in prosecutions under the Act (Para 31).

Jurisdiction under Section 482 of Cr.P.C. Directions of the High Court against the accused's interest and orders for disciplinary action against officials in a Section 482 petition exceed the High Court's jurisdiction and are quashed (Para 36).

Decision: Partly allowing the appeals, the Court held that offenses under Sections 265 and 267 of IPC are liable to be quashed. The High Court's directions against the accused and disciplinary action orders are beyond its jurisdiction and are quashed. The investigating agency has the authority to charge the accused for such offenses or any other offense through a supplementary report or during the trial (Para 36).

Facts:

The appellant, Mohammed Fasrin, appealed against his conviction under various sections of the NDPS Act, particularly for offenses related to financing illicit traffic and harboring offenders. The case primarily relied on the appellant's alleged involvement in international smuggling of contraband substances.

Issues:

Whether the prosecution provided sufficient evidence to prove the appellant's involvement in the alleged offenses.

The admissibility and voluntariness of the confessions made by the co-accused and the appellant.

The strength and reliability of the evidence linking the appellant to the commission of the offense.

Held:

The court found that the prosecution failed to present substantial evidence against the appellant. The evidence relied upon was the statement of a co-accused, which lacked corroboration, and the appellant's alleged confession, which raised concerns about its voluntariness. The court, even if assuming the admissibility of the confession, held it to be insufficient as the prosecution did not establish its voluntary nature and failed to provide corroborative evidence. Therefore, both the trial court and the High Court were deemed to have wrongly convicted the accused. The appeal was allowed, and the judgment of both lower courts was set aside. The accused, who was already on bail, had his bail bonds discharged.

Facts:

The case involved seven accused, including appellant-accused 'M' and 'S.' Initial charges were not framed against 'M' and two others, but subsequent proceedings under Section 319 Cr.P.C. resulted in charges being framed. An attempt under Section 321 Cr.P.C. to withdraw the case against them was declined. The trial court relied on the testimony of injured eye-witnesses (PWs 5 and 6), medical evidence, and rejected the defense plea of alibi and false implication, leading to the conviction of all seven accused.

Issues:

The reliability of the prosecution's case, the rejection of the plea of alibi, and the impact of the Governor's pardon on the proceedings.

Held:

Although two accused were acquitted with the benefit of doubt, their acquittal does not mitigate the prosecution case against the remaining five accused, including the appellants. Acquittal of co-accused is not determinative of the guilt of others. The substance of the prosecution case remains intact.( Para 9)

The prosecution's case heavily relies on the testimony of injured eye-witnesses PW-5 and PW-6. Their consistent and reliable accounts, along with medical evidence, formed the basis of the conviction. The defense's attempt to discredit these witnesses was unsuccessful, and the trial court's reliance on their testimony was upheld.( Para 10)

The defense introduced a plea of alibi, supported by a witness (DW 5) and a complaint, but the trial court rejected it after thorough evaluation. The absence of the plea during cross-examination and the appellant's failure to assert non-presence at the crime scene in his statement under Section 313 Cr.P.C. weakened the alibi.( Para 11)

The appellant's plea of alibi lacked credibility, as witnessed by DW-9 and other defense witnesses. The trial court and High Court rightly discarded these witnesses as unreliable. The plea of alibi was considered an afterthought and dismissed accordingly.( Para 12)

The absence of the recovery of the weapon used by the appellant-accused 'M' does not undermine the prosecution's case. The appellant's role as the leader of the unlawful assembly was established beyond doubt, justifying the conviction.( Para 13)

The unlawful assembly, comprising at least five accused, including the appellants, had a common object to attack and cause harm to the complainant party. The motive was linked to the appellant-accused 'M's pursuit of a rape and murder case. The assembly's actions constituted an unlawful assembly, engaging in rioting with deadly weapons and causing grievous bodily injuries.( Para 14)

Facts:

The dispute originated in 1987 when the appellants' predecessor filed an application seeking a declaration that "Bakers Choultry" is his private property. A rock inscription within the choultry indicated its management by the community of bakers for the benefit of others, with restrictions on alienation. The predecessor had previously claimed the choultry to be a "specific endowment" in earlier proceedings but later withdrew the application.

Issues:

Whether "Bakers Choultry" qualifies as a specific endowment under the Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act.

The validity of the rock inscription and its implications on the choultry's status.

Held:

The court held that the "Bakers Choultry" and its rock inscription constitute a "specific endowment" as defined under the Act. The rock inscription, providing for the feeding of Brahmins during religious festivals, qualifies as a religious charity. The court rejected arguments of vagueness and secular nature, emphasizing divestment of the right to receive income. The predecessor's inconsistent claims were deemed disingenuous.

The appeal was dismissed, affirming the lower court's decision that the "Bakers Choultry" is a specific endowment under the Act and not the private property of the appellants. The court provided a detailed analysis of the relevant legal provisions and previous decisions related to religious endowments.

Facts:

The case involves an appeal by Uber India Systems Pvt. Ltd. against the Competition Commission of India. The appellant was alleged to be abusing its dominant position in the relevant market, particularly in the National Capital Region (NCR), by offering unreasonably high incentives to drivers, resulting in a loss per trip.

Issues:

The primary issue is whether Uber's actions constitute an abuse of dominant position under Section 4 of the Competition Act, 2002. The court also considered the definition of 'dominant position' as per Explanation (a), predatory pricing under Section 4(2)(a), and other relevant provisions.

Held:

The court decided not to interfere with the appeals based on the information provided, specifically a statement indicating that Uber was incurring a loss of Rs. 204 per trip for certain cars in its network. The court observed that this information prima facie suggests an abuse of dominant position under Section 4 of the Competition Act, 2002.

In reaching this decision, the court referred to the definition of 'dominant position' in Explanation (a), which involves a position of strength enabling an enterprise to operate independently of competitive forces or affect competitors or the market in its favor. The court also noted that if an enterprise is making a loss for trips made, it could prima facie fall under the definition of abuse of dominant position.

The court emphasized the prohibition of unfair prices, including predatory pricing, under Section 4(2)(a). If a dominant position directly or indirectly imposes an unfair price, abuse of dominant position is attracted.

The appeals were dismissed with no orders as to costs, and the Director General was requested to complete the investigation within six months from the date of the judgment.