Sentencing – Retrospective Application of Law – Article 20(1) – Sentence Modified – The appellant was convicted under Section 6 of the POCSO Act for rape of a 5-year-old child and sentenced to imprisonment for the remainder of his natural life as per the 2019 amendment – Held: The amendment came into force after the date of offence (20.05.2019) and its retrospective application violates Article 20(1) of the Constitution – Sentence modified to life imprisonment as per the unamended provision – Conviction upheld, sentence reduced [Paras 6–13].

POCSO Act – Sentencing Framework – Section 6 (Pre- and Post-Amendment) – Amendment Not Applicable – The amendment redefining “life imprisonment” to mean the remainder of natural life under Section 6 of the POCSO Act came into effect on 16.08.2019 – Since the offence was committed earlier, the sentencing must adhere to the prior statutory limit – Imposition of enhanced punishment held unconstitutional [Paras 8–12].

Final Judgment – Appeal Partly Allowed – Conviction under Section 6 of the POCSO Act upheld – Sentence of imprisonment for remainder of natural life set aside – Sentence modified to life imprisonment as per law applicable at the time of offence – Fine of ₹10,000/- upheld [Paras 13–14].

Cheque Bounce - Territorial Jurisdiction – Section 142(2)(a) of the N.I. Act – Complaint Maintainable at Payee’s Account Branch – The appellant filed complaints under Section 138 N.I. Act before the Judicial Magistrate in Mangalore after depositing dishonoured cheques in Mumbai, though his bank account was maintained in Mangalore – Magistrate returned the complaints for lack of jurisdiction, assuming appellant’s account was in Mumbai – High Court upheld the same – Held: As per Section 142(2)(a), jurisdiction lies where the payee maintains the account into which the cheque is deposited for collection – Since appellant's account was in Mangalore, complaints were rightly instituted there – Orders of Magistrate and High Court set aside – Complaints to be adjudicated on merits [Paras 5-9].

Criminal Law – Quashing of FIR – Section 156(3) Cr.P.C. – Quashing Denied – Petitioners sought quashing of FIR No. 380/2005 alleging inducement and breach of MoU by respondents – Magistrate ordered registration of FIR without prior complaint to police – High Court declined to quash FIR noting completion of investigation and filing of chargesheet – Supreme Court upheld the decision, holding that although the complainant bypassed statutory remedies under Section 154, the irregularity was procedural and did not vitiate the Magistrate's jurisdiction – The allegations disclosed cognizable offences involving cheating, conspiracy, and inducement – Held: No interference warranted under Section 482 Cr.P.C., investigation and trial to proceed [Paras 1–2, 5–6, 13–14, 33–34, 42–44, 59].

Section 156(3) Cr.P.C. – FIR Without Prior Police Complaint – Procedural Irregularity Not Fatal – The FIR No. 380/2005 was registered on a Magistrate’s direction without prior complaint to police or Superintendent under Section 154 – Held: Though not ideal, such omission is a procedural irregularity, not jurisdictional error – Magistrate’s satisfaction that cognizable offence is made out is sufficient for FIR registration [Paras 26-34].

Application of Mind – Validity of Magistrate's Order – Hearing and Perusal Sufficient – The Magistrate recorded that he had heard counsel and perused documents and cited case law before directing FIR – Held: This reflected adequate application of mind; speaking order not mandatory in express terms but inherently expected under judicial discipline [Paras 35-41].

Inherent Powers – Investigation Complete, Chargesheet Filed – No Grounds to Quash FIR – Once chargesheet was filed following due investigation, no grounds existed to invoke Section 482 to quash FIR – Magistrate’s direction was not illegal and no miscarriage of justice shown – High Court rightly declined interference [Paras 42-44].

Civil vs. Criminal Dispute – Presence of Criminal Elements – Allegations of inducement, conspiracy and deceit supported FIR – Though the dispute arose from an MoU, it contained both civil and criminal elements – FIR cannot be quashed merely because parallel civil remedies exist or FIRs stem from contractual breach [Paras 45-48].

Successive FIR – Not Barred – FIRs Similar but Not Identical – Second FIR (No. 380/2005) differed slightly in content and parties from earlier FIR (No. 326/2004) – First FIR’s investigation was stayed and never culminated in trial – Held: Successive FIR not barred in such circumstances – Parties and facts not entirely overlapping – Investigation to proceed [Paras 50-58].

Decision – Petitions Dismissed – Supreme Court affirmed High Court’s refusal to quash FIR and chargesheet – FIR directed by Magistrate under Section 156(3) held maintainable – Allegations to be tested during trial [Para 59].

Motor Accident Claim – Section 147, Section 163A, and Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act - Personal Accident Cover – Comprehensive Insurance Policy – Full Compensation Restored – The deceased, brother of the vehicle owner, died in an accident caused due to tyre burst while driving the insured vehicle – The Tribunal awarded Rs. 25,82,000/- under a personal accident cover – The High Court reduced the liability to Rs. 2,00,000/- relying on an unpleaded and unevidenced claim of limited liability – Held: In the absence of pleadings, evidence, or production of policy document proving such limitation, the High Court erred in reducing compensation – Tribunal’s award restored [Paras 1–14].

Pleadings and Proof – Requirement for Limiting Insurer’s Liability – Not Pleaded or Proved – The insurance company neither produced the policy document before the Supreme Court nor pleaded the claim of limited liability before the Tribunal or High Court – Held: Principles of adjudication require that specific pleadings must be supported by evidence – Plea of limited liability cannot be entertained in absence of proof or pleading – Guidelines such as Indian Motor Tariffs (IMT) cannot override terms absent in the policy [Paras 7–13].

Decisio – Appeal Allowed – The Supreme Court allowed the appeal, set aside the High Court's order reducing the compensation, and restored the Tribunal's award of Rs. 25,82,000/- with interest at 8% p.a. – Directed the insurer to pay balance within two months after adjusting amounts already paid [Paras 14–15].

Service Law - Departmental Proceedings – Competence to Issue Charge-Sheet – Rule 14 CCS CCA Rules – No Prior Approval Needed – The respondent, a retired Sub Divisional Engineer in the Department of Telecommunications, challenged the departmental proceedings on the ground that the charge-sheets were issued by an authority competent only to impose minor penalties without approval from an authority competent to impose major penalties – Held: Under Rule 13(2) read with Appendix 3 of CCS CCA Rules, such issuance is permissible – No statutory requirement exists for prior approval where the final penalty is imposed by a competent authority – The Tribunal rightly upheld the proceedings [Paras 12–17].

Interpretation – Applicability of B.V. Gopinath Case – Distinction Drawn – The High Court’s reliance on Union of India v. B.V. Gopinath (2014) 1 SCC 351 was held misplaced as that case involved an IRS officer and an internal office order requiring approval from the Finance Minister – No such procedural requirement or internal office order was shown to apply in the present case involving Department of Telecommunications – Held: The principles of B.V. Gopinath are inapplicable here [Paras 17–18].

Decision – Appeal Allowed – The Supreme Court allowed the Union of India’s appeal, set aside the Karnataka High Court’s order dated 18.11.2022, and upheld the charge memos dated 27.05.2006 and 01.12.2008 issued by the Principal General Manager, BGTD – The initiation of disciplinary proceedings was held valid under the statutory rules – Proceedings do not suffer from procedural illegality [Paras 18–19].

Civil Writ - Delimitation Challenge – Article 14 – No Parity with Union Territory of J&K – Writ Petitions Dismissed – Petitioners challenged the exclusion of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana from delimitation under 2020 and 2021 Notifications, alleging arbitrary discrimination and violation of Section 26 of the AP Reorganisation Act – Supreme Court held that delimitation in States is governed by Article 170(3), which imposes a freeze until post-2026 census data is published – In contrast, J&K as a Union Territory is governed by Article 239A, and Article 170 is inapplicable – Held: There is no discrimination, and the claim of parity fails as States and Union Territories are governed by distinct constitutional frameworks [Paras 1–2, 9–22, 23–29, 38–39].

Statutory Mandate – Section 26 AP Reorganisation Act – Subject to Constitution – Petitioners relied on Section 26 for increased Assembly seats in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana – Held: Provision is expressly made subject to Article 170 – It is not self-executing and cannot override constitutional embargo – Delimitation in States must await post-2026 census under the constitutional mandate [Paras 11–17].

Legitimate Expectation – Doctrine Not Applicable Against Constitutional Bar – Petitioners claimed legitimate expectation of delimitation due to the AP Reorganisation Act – Held: Legitimate expectation cannot override express constitutional limitations – Article 170(3) defers readjustment of seats in States, thereby precluding any enforceable claim based on expectation – Expectation not justiciable under Article 32 [Paras 30–37, 40].

Union Territory vs State – Delimitation Frameworks Differ – Petitioners sought parity with J&K where delimitation was conducted post-reorganisation – Held: J&K is governed by Article 239A and not Article 170 – Different constitutional treatment for States and UTs is permissible – Delimitation in J&K does not justify similar treatment for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana [Paras 24–29].

Decision – Writ Petitions Dismissed – Notifications upheld – No violation of Article 14 or Section 26 of AP Reorganisation Act – Pending applications also disposed of [Paras 41–42].

Criminal Law - CBI Investigation – Transfer of Probe – Section 174 CrPC & Sections 302, 304 IPC – Investigation Transferred to CBI – Appellant's daughter died under suspicious circumstances in a coaching-related hostel – Allegations of institutional apathy, medical negligence, conflicting CCTV evidence and suppressed forensic records – Local investigation found deficient and unconvincing – Held: Compelling need for impartial and credible probe; investigation transferred to CBI in the interest of justice and to uphold public confidence [Paras 13–25].

Right to Mental Health – Article 21 of the Constitution – Student Suicides and Systemic Crisis – Interim Guidelines Issued – Recognising the growing crisis of student suicides across India, the Court held that mental health is an essential facet of the right to life – Issued nationwide guidelines for educational institutions to safeguard student well-being until comprehensive legislation is enacted – Held: Mental health protection is a constitutional and international obligation [Paras 27–36].

Institutional Guidelines – Suicide Prevention in Educational Settings – Article 141 – Binding Framework Until Legislation – In absence of specific law, Court issued binding directions under Article 141 applicable to schools, colleges, hostels, and coaching centres – Guidelines cover mental health infrastructure, trained counsellors, crisis response, non-discrimination, and safe living environments – Held: Interim protective architecture mandated nationwide pending formal legal framework [Paras 35–39].

Public Confidence – Exceptional Circumstances Justifying CBI Probe – Investigation Found Deficient – Serious procedural irregularities observed, including conflicting CCTV timelines, unverified suicide theory, premature destruction of viscera, lack of consent for ventilation, and conflict of interest among medical officials – Held: Collective lapses constitute exceptional circumstances warranting CBI probe to ensure a credible and thorough investigation [Paras 21–23].

Final Decision – Impugned Order Set Aside – CBI Directed to Investigate – Andhra Pradesh High Court’s order refusing CBI transfer quashed – Supreme Court directed CBI to register case and conduct full investigation – Ordered all case materials to be handed over without delay – Held: CBI to file report within four months; Union to file compliance affidavit within 90 days – Appeal allowed [Paras 24–26, 39–41].

Taxation Law - Detention and Release under GST – Non-Issuance of Final Order – Violation of Section 129(3) CGST Act – Appeal Allowed – Consignment of goods was detained for alleged discrepancies during transit – Appellant filed objections and deposited tax and penalty under protest to secure release – Authorities failed to issue a final adjudication order in Form GST MOV-09 – Held: Even if penalty is paid, the proper officer is statutorily obligated to pass a speaking order under Section 129(3) – This ensures the taxpayer’s right to appeal under Section 107 CGST Act is not defeated – High Court erred in denying relief – Matter remanded for adjudication [Paras 1–3, 12, 14–21].

Waiver and Acquiescence – Must Be Clear and Unequivocal – Not Presumed from Payment – Appellant’s objections on record, and mere oral claim of withdrawal by respondent not substantiated – Payment made under protest due to business urgency cannot be construed as abandonment of rights – Authorities were duty-bound to adjudicate – Statutory rights cannot be waived by implication, particularly when there’s no legal mechanism to record protest on Form DRC-03 [Paras 12, 15–16.2].

Statutory Procedure – Rule 142 and CBIC Circular Binding – Mandatory to Issue Orders in MOV-09 and DRC-07 – The CGST Rules and CBIC’s Circular dated 13.04.2018 mandate passing of a reasoned final order upon payment of penalty under Section 129(1) – Summary of order must be uploaded to enable electronic liability register update – Respondents failed to follow this procedure [Paras 9.3, 10, 14].

Principles of Natural Justice – Need for Speaking Order – Right of Appeal Illusory Without It – Recording reasons is a constitutional requirement rooted in fairness and due process – A speaking order is indispensable for the right to appeal – Failure to issue a reasoned order is contrary to Article 265 and the rule of law – High Court’s refusal to issue mandamus was contrary to established principles [Paras 18, 18.1, 19].

Final Decision – Statutory Duty Must Be Complied With – Appeal Allowed – Supreme Court set aside the High Court's order – Directed the respondent to pass a reasoned order under Section 129(3) in Form MOV-09 after granting an opportunity of hearing and upload the summary in Form DRC-07 within one month – Appellant is entitled to pursue legal remedies thereafter [Paras 20–22].

Double Taxation – Permanent Establishment – India-UAE DTAA – PE Confirmed – The appellant, Hyatt International Southwest Asia Ltd., a UAE-based entity, entered into Strategic Oversight Services Agreements (SOSA) with Indian hotel owners to provide consultancy and strategic services – The Assessing Officer, ITAT, and High Court found that the appellant had a fixed place of business in India and constituted a Permanent Establishment (PE) under Article 5(1) of the India-UAE DTAA – Supreme Court affirmed this finding – Held: Appellant exercised significant operational control through its contractual rights and regular presence of employees in India – Income earned under SOSA held attributable to the PE and taxable in India under Article 7 of the DTAA – Appeals dismissed [Paras 1, 10, 16, 24–25].

Permanent Establishment – Interpretation of Article 5(1) of DTAA – Fixed Place PE Established – The appellant, a UAE-based company, entered into long-term Strategic Oversight Services Agreements with Indian hotel owners to render consultancy services – The agreements gave the appellant extensive rights over hotel operations, personnel decisions, marketing, and financial matters – The Court held that such rights demonstrated a fixed place of business at the disposal of the enterprise – PE held to exist under Article 5(1) of DTAA [Paras 10–17].

PE Test – Disposal and Control – Exclusive Use Not Mandatory – The Court reiterated that a fixed place PE does not require exclusive possession – Even temporary or shared access qualifies if core business is carried out through the premises – Here, employees of the appellant were regularly present, and strategic and operational functions were exercised from the premises – This satisfied the ‘disposal’ and ‘control’ tests as laid down in Formula One case [Paras 13–18].

Functional Distinction – Role of Separate Indian Entity – Not Sufficient to Deny PE – The Court rejected the argument that daily operations were conducted by Hyatt India Pvt. Ltd., a distinct legal entity – Held that substance prevails over form and the appellant’s strategic and operational control meant it conducted business through the hotel premises – PE established despite corporate separation [Paras 19–20].

Frequent Employee Visits – Aggregated Business Presence – Satisfies Article 5(2)(i) – Court held that while no individual employee exceeded the 9-month threshold, the coordinated, continuous presence and role of multiple employees across years constituted sufficient aggregate business activity – Satisfies service PE clause under Article 5(2)(i) [Para 21].

Taxability under Article 7 – Income Attributable to PE Taxable in India – The Court upheld the High Court’s ruling that the income derived under the SOSAs was attributable to the PE and therefore taxable in India under Article 7 of the DTAA – Revenue sharing structure and nature of control reinforced tax nexus [Paras 22–24].

Decision – Appeals Dismissed – Supreme Court upheld Delhi High Court’s finding that appellant had a fixed place PE in India and that income under SOSA was taxable – Appeals dismissed without costs [Para 25].

Taxation Law - Section 9(1)(i), 9(1)(vi), 9(1)(vii), 92F(iii-a), 143(3), 144C, and 260A of the Income Tax Act - Permanent Establishment – Interpretation of Article 5(1) of DTAA – Fixed Place PE Established – The appellant, a UAE-based company, entered into long-term Strategic Oversight Services Agreements with Indian hotel owners to render consultancy services – The agreements gave the appellant extensive rights over hotel operations, personnel decisions, marketing, and financial matters – The Court held that such rights demonstrated a fixed place of business at the disposal of the enterprise – PE held to exist under Article 5(1) of DTAA [Paras 10–17].

PE Test – Disposal and Control – Exclusive Use Not Mandatory – The Court reiterated that a fixed place PE does not require exclusive possession – Even temporary or shared access qualifies if core business is carried out through the premises – Here, employees of the appellant were regularly present, and strategic and operational functions were exercised from the premises – This satisfied the ‘disposal’ and ‘control’ tests as laid down in Formula One case [Paras 13–18].

Functional Distinction – Role of Separate Indian Entity – Not Sufficient to Deny PE – The Court rejected the argument that daily operations were conducted by Hyatt India Pvt. Ltd., a distinct legal entity – Held that substance prevails over form and the appellant’s strategic and operational control meant it conducted business through the hotel premises – PE established despite corporate separation [Paras 19–20].

Frequent Employee Visits – Aggregated Business Presence – Satisfies Article 5(2)(i) – Court held that while no individual employee exceeded the 9-month threshold, the coordinated, continuous presence and role of multiple employees across years constituted sufficient aggregate business activity – Satisfies service PE clause under Article 5(2)(i) [Para 21].

Taxability under Article 7 – Income Attributable to PE Taxable in India – The Court upheld the High Court’s ruling that the income derived under the SOSAs was attributable to the PE and therefore taxable in India under Article 7 of the DTAA – Revenue sharing structure and nature of control reinforced tax nexus [Paras 22–24].

Decision – Appeals Dismissed – Supreme Court upheld Delhi High Court’s finding that appellant had a fixed place PE in India and that income under SOSA was taxable – Appeals dismissed without costs [Para 25].