Negotiable Instruments – Section 145 – Affidavit Evidence – Interpretation – Whether deponent who has filed evidence by affidavit can be summoned again for examination-in-chief under Section 145(2) – Held: Section 145(2) is mandatory only to the extent that the witness can be summoned for cross-examination – Where cross-examination has already taken place, fresh summoning is unnecessary – Section 145(2) must be interpreted reasonably to mean the right of cross-examination, not a second examination-in-chief – Provision enacted to expedite trials in cheque dishonour cases [Paras 10, 13, 15, 17].

Criminal Procedure – Section 482 CrPC – Inherent Powers – Suppression of facts – Appellant failed to disclose that complainant had already been cross-examined before filing the application – High Court rightly dismissed the petition under Section 482 – No prejudice caused to appellant to invoke inherent jurisdiction [Paras 8, 9, 10].

Affidavit Evidence – Parallel with Civil and Criminal Procedure – CPC Order 18 Rule 4 and CrPC Section 296 – Both permit examination-in-chief by affidavit followed by cross-examination – Affidavit admissible as evidence; repeated examination-in-chief not warranted – Filing affidavit followed by cross-examination sufficient compliance [Paras 10–12].

Forgery Allegations – Signature Discrepancy – Respondent pointed out differences in appellant’s signatures on different affidavits – Supreme Court ordered enquiry under Section 340 CrPC – Registrar (Judicial) to investigate whether forgery committed – Trial to proceed independently of such enquiry [Paras 7, 19].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Petition under Section 482 CrPC rightly rejected – No merit in demand for repeated summoning of deponent – Discrepancy in signatures to be investigated separately – Costs of ₹25,000 imposed on appellant [Paras 19, 20].

Service Law – Departmental Inquiry – Appointment of Retired Officer as Inquiry Officer – Rule 9(2), Railway Servants (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1968 – Whether the term “other authority” in Rule 9(2) restricts appointment of Inquiry Officers to serving officials only – Held: No such restriction exists – Rule 9(2) vests discretion in the disciplinary authority to appoint any competent person as “other authority” – Absence of express or implied exclusion of retired employees indicates legislative intent to allow their appointment – Circulars issued by Railway Board in 1998 and 2008 empanelling retired officers supplement and do not contradict Rule 9(2) – Practice long followed and not opposed to any statutory provision or public policy – [Paras 25–33, 40–44].

Statutory Interpretation – Meaning of “Other Authority” – Expression to be understood in its plain and contextual sense – Not confined to persons in service – Principle of ejusdem generis inapplicable as words in Rule 9(2) are disjunctive – Rule of contextual and purposive interpretation applied – [Paras 21–24, 35–38].

Administrative Circulars – Validity – Departmental circulars clarifying or supplementing existing rules permissible when consistent with statute – Circular empanelling retired officers as Inquiry Officers held intra vires – Harmonious construction between Rule 9(2) and circulars upheld – [Paras 30–31].

Natural Justice – Non-supply of CVC Advice – Non-furnishing of Vigilance Commission’s advice to delinquent not fatal unless shown to have caused actual prejudice – No material to prove that CVC notes were considered by Disciplinary Authority or influenced its decision – Non-supply did not vitiate inquiry – Sunil Kumar Banerjee v. State of West Bengal followed; State Bank of India v. D.C. Aggarwal distinguished – [Paras 46–55].

Doctrine of Prejudice – Requirement of De facto Prejudice – Even if there is alleged procedural violation, delinquent must prove real prejudice – Mere technical infringement does not nullify proceedings – Participation in inquiry without protest bars challenge on hyper-technical grounds – S.L. Kapoor v. Jagmohan, K.L. Tripathi v. State Bank of India, ECIL v. Karunakar, and Haryana Financial Corporation v. Kailash Chandra Ahuja applied – [Paras 56–63].

Practice – Long-standing Administrative Practice – Practice of appointing retired railway officers as Inquiry Officers consistently followed and recognized as lawful – Not violative of rules or public policy – A long-standing practice consistent with law and public interest can be treated as valid administrative instruction – Confederation of Ex-Servicemen Associations v. Union of India referred – [Paras 40–43].

Decision:

Appeals allowed – Judgments of the Central Administrative Tribunal and the Allahabad High Court set aside – Appointment of retired railway officers as Inquiry Officers held valid – Non-supply of CVC advice did not cause prejudice – Disciplinary proceedings upheld – No order as to costs – [Para 64].

Criminal Law – Common Intention – Section 34 IPC – Constructive Liability – Appellants accused of dragging deceased from station platform to Peepal tree where co-accused fired fatal shots – Eyewitnesses (PWs 1, 3, and 4) consistently deposed that accused were armed and acted jointly in furtherance of shared plan – Held: Active participation in commission of offence and presence at scene with weapons established common intention to kill – Conviction under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC upheld [Paras 3, 18–20, 23].

First Information Report – Multiple FIRs – Cryptic Telephonic Message Not FIR – Assistant Station Master's report was a cryptic telephonic message lacking details of the crime, names of accused or victim – No evidence it was received at police station prior to formal FIR by PW-1 – Held: Cryptic message not intended to set criminal law in motion – FIR lodged by PW-1 at 5.15 p.m. was the first legal FIR – Plea of two FIRs rejected [Paras 12–17].

Eyewitness Testimony – Reliability – PWs 1 and 3 travelled with deceased and were natural witnesses to the incident – PW 4, a fellow passenger, also corroborated occurrence – Nothing on record to suggest their presence was doubtful or evidence untrustworthy – Consistent and corroborated version upheld by both Trial Court and High Court – Held: Witnesses reliable and trustworthy – No reason to discard their testimony [Paras 18–19].

Criminal Law – Section 33 IPC – Collective Criminal Act – Dragging of deceased and role played by each accused was part of composite act culminating in murder – Under Section 33 IPC, such series of actions form one criminal act when done in furtherance of common intention – Held: Participation in preparatory steps to murder renders all accused equally liable [Para 20].

FIR – Allegation of Police Dictation – PW-1’s FIR alleged to be written by police or at their dictation – Rejected by Court as no evidence to support claim – PW-1 deposed FIR was written in his own handwriting at place of occurrence – Held: Neat handwriting or clean drafting not sufficient to presume police fabrication – No merit in the challenge [Paras 21–22].

Decision: Appeals dismissed – Conviction and life sentence under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC affirmed – No illegality or infirmity found in concurrent findings of courts below.

Court Fees – Declaratory Suits – Distinction between “cancellation” and “declaration” – Held: Where executant of deed seeks to annul it, ad valorem court fee on sale consideration is payable; but where a non-executant seeks declaration that deed is void or not binding, fixed court fee under Article 17(iii) applies if he is in possession – If non-executant also seeks possession, court fee to be computed under Section 7(iv)(c) on valuation stated in plaint, not necessarily ad valorem on sale consideration [Paras 6–7].

Interpretation – Section 7(iv)(c) & 7(v), Court Fees Act, 1870 – Second proviso to Section 7(iv)(c) mandates that where suit for declaration with consequential relief concerns property, valuation shall not be less than the value of the property computed under Section 7(v) – Court fee therefore depends on possession status and nature of relief sought, not automatically on consideration in sale deed [Paras 5–7].

Civil Procedure – Declaratory Relief – Plaintiff, not being executant of impugned sale deeds, sought declaration that deeds were not binding on co-parcenary and for joint possession – Such relief does not amount to cancellation of deeds – Trial Court and High Court erred in treating suit as one for cancellation and demanding ad valorem court fee on sale consideration [Paras 7–8].

Decision: Appeals allowed – Orders of Trial Court and High Court set aside – Held: Suit being for declaration by non-executant with consequential relief of possession, court fee to be computed under Section 7(iv)(c) read with Section 7(v) of the Court Fees Act, 1870 – Trial Court directed to recalculate court fee accordingly.

Service Law – Departmental Enquiry – Denial of Reasonable Opportunity – Principles of Natural Justice – Respondent-employee (Development Officer, LIC) dismissed after ex-parte enquiry – Inquiry report not furnished and no effective opportunity of cross-examination granted – Held: Entire enquiry and orders passed by Disciplinary Authority, Appellate Authority, and Chairman vitiated for violation of natural justice – Non-speaking dismissal order unsustainable – Reinstatement with consequential benefits justified [Paras 14–17, 30–33].

Civil Procedure Code, 1908 – Order 12 Rules 1 & 2 – Proof and Admission of Documents – Effect of Non-Compliance – Failure to serve notice to admit documents or prove them as per law – Mere production and marking of documents as exhibits does not amount to proof – Admission of documents not equivalent to admission of their contents or truth – Held: Documents not proved in accordance with Evidence Act cannot be relied upon – Findings of courts below justified [Paras 21–27, 31].

Evidence Act, 1872 – Proof of Documents – Admission vs. Proof – Mere filing or marking of documents does not establish contents – Contents must be proved by primary or secondary evidence – Burden of proof not discharged by mere exhibition of documents – Courts rightly ignored unproved documents filed by defendants [Paras 25–27, 31].

Civil Trial – Failure to Cross-Examine and Lead Evidence – Defence not Put in Cross-Examination – Effect – Defendant failed to confront plaintiff with pleaded defence in cross-examination – Held: Such unproved and untested defence cannot be accepted – Appellants failed to substantiate their case either orally or by admissible documentary evidence [Paras 19–20, 25].

Relief – Consequential Benefits – Respondent retired during pendency of proceedings – Reinstatement not possible – Entitled to monetary benefits for intervening period – No order for fresh enquiry at belated stage [Paras 34].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Orders of all courts below upheld – Dismissal of respondent quashed – Respondent entitled to monetary and consequential benefits – Appellants to bear costs throughout – Counsel’s fee Rs.10,000 [Paras 35–36].

Service Law – University Employees – Promotion Criteria – Resolution of Executive Council dated 26.06.1995 prescribed seniority-cum-efficiency as basis for promotion of non-teaching staff – State Government granted approval only on 10.10.2002 – Held: Section 21(xiii) of Burdwan University Act requires “approval” but not “prior approval” – Hence, post-facto approval validates earlier promotions made under the resolution – Promotions made prior to 10.10.2002 upheld [Paras 7–11].

Statutory Interpretation – “Approval” vs “Prior Approval” – Distinction emphasized – Where statute requires mere approval (not prior approval or permission), action taken remains valid unless disapproved – Principle affirmed through precedents and Black’s Law Dictionary – Resolution effective from date of decision and validated by subsequent government approval [Paras 7–10].

Administrative Law – Post-facto Sanction – Executive Council’s resolution determining service terms of non-teaching staff valid once State Government approved it – No requirement for prior approval under the statute – Promotions based on such resolution cannot be nullified merely for want of earlier approval [Paras 9–11].

University Autonomy – Statutory Interpretation – Section 21(xiii) empowers Executive Council to determine service conditions with approval of the State – Use of phrase “with the approval” allows action pending approval and validates it upon subsequent sanction – Challenge to applicability of resolution prior to approval date rejected [Paras 10–11].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Resolution of 26.06.1995 validly applied to promotions made before 10.10.2002 – Approval by State Government validated past actions – No order as to costs.

Administrative Law – Change of Land Use – Industrial to Residential – Validity of Government Refusal – PSIEC sought to convert surplus industrial land in Phases VIII-A and VIII-B, Mohali into residential plots under “Industrial Housing Scheme” – State Government, owner of the land, refused permission citing larger public interest and industrial policy – Held: Under Sections 79 and 81 of the 1995 Act, any change of land use must be sanctioned by the competent authority – Government’s refusal was within its statutory and policy domain and not arbitrary or mala fide [Paras 18–21, 33].

Doctrine of Mala Fides – Allegations against State Functionaries – Burden of Proof – Mere notings in official files and discussions by Allotment Committee regarding possible commercial use (multiplex projects) do not establish bad faith – Courts should not infer mala fides on vague or speculative grounds – High Court erred in quashing the policy decision on suspicion – No tangible evidence of extraneous consideration shown – Decision upheld [Paras 19–20].

Doctrine of Promissory Estoppel – Applicability – No enforceable promise made to applicants – Application form expressly stated that acceptance of form and earnest money would not oblige the Corporation to allot plots – Draw of lots was provisional – No representation inducing applicants to alter their position – Doctrine cannot compel the Government or PSIEC to act contrary to statutory provisions or without approval under the 1995 Act [Paras 22–25].

Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation – Scope – Mere participation in a provisional draw of lots or past allotments under a similar scheme does not create a legally protectable expectation – Expectation must be based on consistent practice or representation within lawful authority – Absence of approval for change of land use negates any claim of legitimate expectation [Paras 27–31].

Public Policy – Industrial Development vs. Housing Schemes – Judicial Review – Refusal to divert industrial land for residential use justified in the interest of employment generation and revenue – Judicial review of policy decisions confined to testing arbitrariness or mala fides – Courts cannot compel Government to act contrary to industrialization policy [Paras 21, 33].

Discrimination – Equal Treatment – Allotments made in Patiala and Ludhiana focal points under separate factual circumstances cannot form the basis of parity – No violation of Article 14 established [Para 32].

Decision: Appeals dismissed except the one filed by the State of Punjab – High Court’s finding of mala fides set aside – Writ petitions dismissed – Parties to bear their own costs [Para 33].

Service Law – Voluntary Retirement – Withdrawal of Option – Statutory Scheme – Development Officers opted for Special Voluntary Retirement Package under a statutory scheme framed under Section 17A of the General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act – Respondents sought to withdraw option before written acceptance – High Court permitted withdrawal treating scheme as contractual relying on Swarnakar – Held: SVRP under 2003 Amendment Scheme is statutory in nature and binds employees – Clause 5(4) bars withdrawal once option is exercised – General contract law including Section 5 of Contract Act not applicable to statutory schemes – Option, once exercised, cannot be withdrawn regardless of employer’s acceptance status [Paras 6–12].

Delegated Legislation – Binding Effect – Scheme framed under Section 17A held to be delegated legislation with statutory force – Sub-section (6) of Section 17A gives overriding effect to such schemes over any law or contract – Held: Clause 5(4) barring withdrawal of option is valid and enforceable – Clauses 5(3) and 5(5) govern effectuation of retirement, not the right to withdraw [Paras 6–9].

Contract Law – Applicability to Statutory Scheme – Section 5 of Contract Act permits withdrawal before acceptance – Held: Inapplicable where retirement governed by a statutory scheme which explicitly bars withdrawal – Clause 5(4) not void for lack of consideration – High Court erred in applying contractual principles to a statutory scheme – Swarnakar distinguished on basis of statutory vs contractual nature of schemes [Paras 10–12].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Judgment of High Court set aside – Writ Petition dismissed.

Contempt of Court – Quasi-criminal nature – Standard of proof – Proceedings under the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 are quasi-criminal in nature and demand the same standard of proof as in criminal trials – Punishment can be imposed only for wilful disobedience proved beyond reasonable doubt – Benefit of doubt must go to the alleged contemnor [Paras 9, 13, 20].

Procedure – Framing of Charges – Rules 5 & 6, Allahabad High Court Rules, 1952 – Mandatory requirement – In suo motu criminal contempt, the High Court must frame precise charges and furnish all relevant documents along with the notice – Failure to do so vitiates proceedings – Absence of specific charges or disclosure of material deprives contemnor of opportunity to defend – Violation of principles of natural justice [Paras 21–24, 27].

Natural Justice – Right to Notice and Hearing – Notice issued by the High Court was defective and failed to indicate the nature of accusation or attach the inquiry report or evidence relied upon – Held: The notice was incomplete, inaccurate, and misleading; thus, conviction could not stand [Paras 22–24].

Presumption of Death – Section 108, Evidence Act – A person missing for less than seven years cannot be presumed dead – High Court erred in presuming death of detenu Tej Veer Singh when only four and a half years had elapsed [Para 8].

Scope of Contempt Jurisdiction – Article 215, Constitution of India – Powers of the High Court under Article 215 and the Contempt of Courts Act must be exercised strictly in accordance with procedure prescribed by law – Non-observance of statutory procedure renders trial void [Paras 14–15, 20].

Delay in Contempt Proceedings – Object of summary procedure defeated when proceedings remained pending for over three years – Held: Long pendency contrary to the spirit of expeditious disposal inherent in contempt jurisdiction [Para 26].

Decision: Appeals allowed – Judgment and order dated 20.12.2001 of the Allahabad High Court convicting appellants in Criminal Contempt No. 69 of 1997 set aside – Contempt proceedings held vitiated for non-compliance with mandatory procedural rules and violation of natural justice – No disciplinary action to be taken against appellants pursuant to impugned order [Para 27].