Criminal Law – Conviction and Sentencing – Appellants convicted for the murder of an MLA – High Court confirmed conviction and enhanced sentence from life imprisonment to death – Supreme Court commuted death sentence to life imprisonment – Court examined the presence and reliability of eyewitnesses, motive, and evidentiary corroboration, and found the death penalty inappropriate as the case did not meet the "rarest of rare" standard [Paras 1-61].

Witness Reliability – Eyewitness Testimony – Prosecution relied on testimonies of eyewitnesses present at the scene – Supreme Court affirmed reliability and presence of key eyewitnesses, supported by corroborative evidence, despite investigative lapses such as delay in recording statements [Paras 34-52].

Motive – Evidence of Motive – Prosecution established motive related to disputes over a petrol pump and actions against coal theft – Motive considered as supportive evidence though not essential to establish guilt due to the presence of credible eyewitness accounts [Paras 15-20].

Deficiency in Investigation – Impact on Prosecution Case – Investigation lapses such as failure to send evidence for forensic examination did not discredit overall prosecution case – Supreme Court emphasized evaluating evidence on its merits without being unduly swayed by investigative shortcomings [Paras 42-44].

Death Penalty – "Rarest of Rare" Doctrine – Death sentence was deemed inappropriate as the case lacked elements of extreme brutality or depravity – Appellants were not professional killers, and the murder lacked a political dimension – Supreme Court commuted death sentence to life imprisonment [Paras 54-60].

Decision: Appeals partly allowed – Conviction affirmed but death sentences commuted to life imprisonment – High Court's enhancement of sentence set aside.

Rehabilitation Scheme – Land Allotment – Respondent claimed entitlement to land under rehabilitation scheme for displaced persons – High Court directed state to allot 20 standard acres and deliver possession without quashing the government’s order stopping allotments – Supreme Court held that High Court could not order allotment without quashing the government's letter and conducting an enquiry into the respondent’s claim – High Court's order found arbitrary and set aside [Paras 1-9].

Displaced Persons – Proof of Claim – High Court's direction for allotment of land lacked enquiry into whether respondent's predecessor had left land in Pakistan – Supreme Court emphasized need for verification before granting such claims – Respondent required to challenge the government’s stopping order before seeking relief [Paras 5-8].

Government Instructions – Compliance – Supreme Court found force in the state's argument that respondent's predecessor had already been allotted land in 1952 – Repeated claims for allotment not permissible without adhering to government instructions [Para 8].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court's judgment set aside – Respondents required to seek quashing of government order stopping allotments before any allotment and possession of land can be directed [Paras 9].

Criminal Law – Conviction for Multiple Murders – Appellant convicted for serial killings and sentenced to death – Confession made under Section 164 CrPC considered voluntary and corroborated by evidence – Recovery of body parts, weapons, and identification of victims linked to appellant’s actions – Supreme Court upheld findings of lower courts and affirmed the death sentence [Paras 1-19].

Confession and Evidence – Voluntary Confession – Appellant's detailed confession under Section 164 CrPC deemed voluntary and compliant with legal requirements – Confession corroborated by recovery of victims’ body parts and forensic evidence – Presence of DNA matches and material evidence substantiated prosecution’s case [Paras 8-15].

Rarest of Rare Doctrine – Death Sentence Justification – Appellant's actions categorized as "rarest of rare" due to extreme brutality, systematic methodology, and heinous nature of crimes – Supreme Court found no grounds for mercy, upheld death sentence as appropriate for the magnitude of offenses committed [Paras 16-18].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Conviction and death sentence of appellant Surendra Koli affirmed – Special Leave Petition granted but ultimately led to dismissal on similar grounds [Paras 19-20].

Dental Education – Renewal of Permission – Petitioners, existing dental colleges, were denied renewal for the BDS course due to alleged deficiencies and late communication – High Court directed reconsideration of applications – Central Government granted conditional renewal subject to Supreme Court approval – Supreme Court quashed the condition, declaring the renewals valid [Paras 1-22].

Propriety of Administrative Conditions – Executive Responsibility – Central Government's imposition of a condition requiring Supreme Court approval for renewal of permissions after the deadline deemed improper – Executive decisions under Section 10A of the Dentists Act are not subject to judicial confirmation – Judiciary’s role confined to judicial review, not preemptive validation of executive orders [Paras 10-11].

Time Schedule for Permissions – DCI Regulations – Distinction between initial permissions and renewals – Renewals should follow a shorter, distinct time schedule due to limited scope of verification required – Suggestions for regulatory amendments to provide timely renewals and avoid abrupt refusals [Paras 12-21].

Decision: Writ petitions allowed – Conditional renewal orders by Central Government validated – Orders of High Court directing hearings and compliance acknowledged – Central Government’s practice of requiring judicial approval for permissions post-deadline declared improper [Para 22].

Criminal Law – Conviction and Sentencing – Appellants convicted for the murder of an MLA – High Court confirmed conviction and enhanced sentence from life imprisonment to death – Supreme Court commuted death sentence to life imprisonment – Court examined the presence and reliability of eyewitnesses, motive, and evidentiary corroboration, and found the death penalty inappropriate as the case did not meet the "rarest of rare" standard [Paras 1-61].

Witness Reliability – Eyewitness Testimony – Prosecution relied on testimonies of eyewitnesses present at the scene – Supreme Court affirmed reliability and presence of key eyewitnesses, supported by corroborative evidence, despite investigative lapses such as delay in recording statements [Paras 34-52].

Motive – Evidence of Motive – Prosecution established motive related to disputes over a petrol pump and actions against coal theft – Motive considered as supportive evidence though not essential to establish guilt due to the presence of credible eyewitness accounts [Paras 15-20].

Deficiency in Investigation – Impact on Prosecution Case – Investigation lapses such as failure to send evidence for forensic examination did not discredit overall prosecution case – Supreme Court emphasized evaluating evidence on its merits without being unduly swayed by investigative shortcomings [Paras 42-44].

Death Penalty – "Rarest of Rare" Doctrine – Death sentence was deemed inappropriate as the case lacked elements of extreme brutality or depravity – Appellants were not professional killers, and the murder lacked a political dimension – Supreme Court commuted death sentence to life imprisonment [Paras 54-60].

Decision: Appeals partly allowed – Conviction affirmed but death sentences commuted to life imprisonment – High Court's enhancement of sentence set aside.

Rehabilitation Scheme – Land Allotment – Respondent claimed entitlement to land under rehabilitation scheme for displaced persons – High Court directed state to allot 20 standard acres and deliver possession without quashing the government’s order stopping allotments – Supreme Court held that High Court could not order allotment without quashing the government's letter and conducting an enquiry into the respondent’s claim – High Court's order found arbitrary and set aside [Paras 1-9].

Displaced Persons – Proof of Claim – High Court's direction for allotment of land lacked enquiry into whether respondent's predecessor had left land in Pakistan – Supreme Court emphasized need for verification before granting such claims – Respondent required to challenge the government’s stopping order before seeking relief [Paras 5-8].

Government Instructions – Compliance – Supreme Court found force in the state's argument that respondent's predecessor had already been allotted land in 1952 – Repeated claims for allotment not permissible without adhering to government instructions [Para 8].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court's judgment set aside – Respondents required to seek quashing of government order stopping allotments before any allotment and possession of land can be directed [Paras 9].

Criminal Law – Conviction for Multiple Murders – Appellant convicted for serial killings and sentenced to death – Confession made under Section 164 CrPC considered voluntary and corroborated by evidence – Recovery of body parts, weapons, and identification of victims linked to appellant’s actions – Supreme Court upheld findings of lower courts and affirmed the death sentence [Paras 1-19].

Confession and Evidence – Voluntary Confession – Appellant's detailed confession under Section 164 CrPC deemed voluntary and compliant with legal requirements – Confession corroborated by recovery of victims’ body parts and forensic evidence – Presence of DNA matches and material evidence substantiated prosecution’s case [Paras 8-15].

Rarest of Rare Doctrine – Death Sentence Justification – Appellant's actions categorized as "rarest of rare" due to extreme brutality, systematic methodology, and heinous nature of crimes – Supreme Court found no grounds for mercy, upheld death sentence as appropriate for the magnitude of offenses committed [Paras 16-18].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Conviction and death sentence of appellant Surendra Koli affirmed – Special Leave Petition granted but ultimately led to dismissal on similar grounds [Paras 19-20].

Administrative Law – Selection Process – Appellants (IOC) conducted interviews for LPG distributorship – Panel of candidates prepared, first respondent ranked first – Complaint filed by second-ranked candidate alleging irregularities in awarding marks – IOC investigated and found merit in complaints, cancelled selection process – High Court quashed IOC's decision, directed issuance of distributorship to first respondent – Supreme Court upheld IOC's decision to cancel and re-interview based on identified irregularities [Paras 1-11].

Fairness in Selection – Evaluation Criteria – Complaint revealed improper award of marks under "capability to provide infrastructure" and "capability to arrange finance" – Investigation confirmed irregularities benefiting first respondent – Supreme Court emphasized need for fair and unbiased evaluation process in selections [Paras 6-7, 9-10].

Judicial Review – Scope and Limitations – High Court failed to consider irregularities in selection process – Erroneous assumption that death of complainant nullified irregularities – Supreme Court held administrative decisions based on identified irregularities reasonable, even if complainant withdraws or passes away [Paras 9-10].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court’s order set aside – Writ petition filed by first respondent dismissed – IOC allowed to re-interview candidates or proceed as per its policy [Paras 10-11].

Criminal Law – Murder of Sex Worker – Appellant convicted for the murder of a sex worker – Trial court's conviction upheld by High Court – Supreme Court emphasizes that sex workers are entitled to a life of dignity under Article 21 of the Constitution – Murder described as brutal, with the appellant repeatedly bashing the victim's head against the wall and floor – Court stresses that societal attitudes must change to view sex workers with sympathy [Paras 1-16].

Rights and Dignity of Sex Workers – Societal Responsibility – Supreme Court directs Central and State Governments to prepare schemes for the rehabilitation of sex workers – Highlights the necessity for vocational training and employment opportunities for sex workers to enable them to earn a dignified livelihood – Orders governments to report on the steps taken for rehabilitation [Paras 17-21].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Conviction and sentence affirmed – Central and State Governments directed to submit compliance reports on rehabilitation schemes for sex workers by 4th May 2011.