Divorce by Mutual Consent – Cooling Period – Appeal against the fixing of second motion after six months for mutual divorce under Section 13B of the Hindu Marriage Act – Supreme Court invoked its powers under Article 142 to grant divorce without the cooling period, given irreconcilable differences and prolonged separation – Legislature’s intention of saving marriages through a cooling period acknowledged but deemed inapplicable in cases requiring complete justice [Paras 1-15].

Article 142 of the Constitution – Powers of Supreme Court – Supreme Court used Article 142 to dissolve marriage by mutual consent immediately – Emphasized necessity in specific circumstances where continued marital ties cause undue hardship [Paras 13-15].

Decision – Appeal allowed – Marriage dissolved by mutual consent – Directed immediate dissolution of marriage, invoking Article 142 to bypass the statutory cooling period due to prolonged separation and mutual agreement of parties [Paras 14-15].

Seniority – Ad hoc service – Appellants challenged the High Court’s direction to count ad hoc service towards seniority – High Court had held that ad hoc service must be included for seniority calculation – Supreme Court reversed the decision, emphasizing appointments were purely ad hoc and not according to rules – Seniority to be fixed by dates of regular appointment, not ad hoc service [Paras 1-25].

Appointments and Seniority – Competency and Process – Appointments made by District Education Officers on ad hoc basis were not as per the prescribed rules – Seniority to be determined by dates of confirmation and continuous service post-regularization – High Court’s reliance on earlier judgments found misplaced in context [Paras 14-16, 20-24].

Decision – Appeal allowed – High Court order set aside – Directions for refixation of seniority by excluding ad hoc service upheld – Writ petition by Respondents dismissed [Paras 25].

Criminal Law – Commutation of Death Sentence – Respondent convicted of rape and murder of an 18-year-old girl – Trial court awarded death sentence, considering it as "rarest of rare" – High Court commuted to life imprisonment – Supreme Court upheld commutation, affirming the High Court’s decision not to impose death penalty as case did not fit "rarest of rare" criteria [Paras 1-25].

Sentencing Policy – Judicial Discretion and Clemency – Discussion on consistency in sentencing and the balance between judicial discretion and executive clemency powers – Court recognized need for a comprehensive sentencing policy but acknowledged the complexity of foreseeing all potential circumstances – Emphasized that life imprisonment means imprisonment for natural life, subject to clemency powers [Paras 8-16].

Decision – Petition dismissed – Supreme Court confirmed the commutation of the death sentence to life imprisonment, highlighting the judicial process's consideration of the case's totality and ensuring justice through appropriate sentencing [Paras 6-16].

Impleadment of Parties – Civil Procedure – Appeal against High Court's dismissal of application for impleadment as parties to a suit for specific performance – Appellants had purchased property during pendency of the suit in violation of an injunction order – Supreme Court upheld High Court's decision, holding Appellants neither necessary nor proper parties due to the clandestine and illegal nature of their transactions – Application for impleadment dismissed as belated and lacking bona fides [Paras 1-37].

Appointment of Receiver – Judicial Propriety – High Court appointed receiver to manage suit property despite previous appointment by another High Court – Supreme Court affirmed, emphasizing the need to prevent property usurpation and protect legal rights of original plaintiff – Doctrine of comity of jurisdictions held inapplicable due to non-disclosure of facts by parties to the Calcutta High Court [Paras 26-33].

Decision – Appeal dismissed – Supreme Court confirmed the dismissal of the impleadment application and upheld the High Court's appointment of receiver to manage the suit property, ensuring justice and preventing further clandestine transactions [Paras 35-38].

Dismissal of Appeal for Default – Civil Procedure – Appeal against High Court’s dismissal of an appeal for default where the appellant’s lawyer did not appear – High Court decided the appeal on merits without representation for the appellant – Supreme Court held that as per Order 41 Rule 17(1) CPC, the High Court should have dismissed the appeal for default or adjourned the hearing, not decided on merits – Emphasized that deciding on merits without representation can deprive the appellant of an opportunity to present their case [Paras 1-10].

Explanation to Order 41 Rule 17(1) CPC – Legal Interpretation – Explanation clarifies that an appeal cannot be dismissed on merits if the appellant is not represented – Supreme Court reiterated this interpretation, emphasizing the legislative intent to avoid prejudicing appellants due to absence [Paras 8-10].

Decision – Appeal allowed – Judgment of the High Court set aside – Appeal restored and directed to be disposed of in accordance with law – No order as to costs [Paras 11].

Criminal Law – Conspiracy and Murder Conviction – Conviction of the appellant for conspiracy and murder affirmed – Identification of the appellant by witnesses and corroborative evidence deemed satisfactory – High Court upheld the trial court’s findings despite procedural contentions raised by the appellant [Paras 1-27].

Eyewitness Testimony – Identification Parade – Importance of properly conducted Test Identification Parade (TIP) discussed – TIP identified the appellant; objections raised about its conduct were dismissed by the court, affirming the reliability of eyewitness testimony [Paras 18-20].

Procedural Compliance – Investigation and Prosecution – The court discussed the procedural steps taken by the Investigating Officer, including receiving initial information, recording the complaint, and subsequent investigative actions – The prosecution's case held valid despite the absence of cross-examination of the complainant, PW-2 [Paras 10-16].

Evidence – Corroborative Factors – Recovery of the deceased's body and other incriminating articles, forensic reports, and medical evidence were consistent with the prosecution's narrative – The appellant's participation in the crime corroborated by multiple eyewitnesses and supporting evidence [Paras 12-17].

Decision: Appeals dismissed – Conviction and sentence of life imprisonment upheld – The court found no merit in the appellant’s contentions regarding the procedural and evidentiary aspects of the case [Paras 27].

Constitutional Law – Right to Speedy Trial – Petitioners argued for quashing of a 37-year-long pending trial on the grounds of violation of the right to a speedy trial under Article 21 – Supreme Court reiterated that while prolonged delays could be prejudicial, they must be evaluated against the causes of delay and the responsibility for such delays – The court emphasized that delays due to systemic issues or unavoidable circumstances do not necessarily violate the right to a speedy trial [Paras 1-37].

Judicial Discretion – Termination of Proceedings – Court rejected the argument that mere passage of time could justify quashing the trial – Stated that each case must be evaluated on its own facts and circumstances, and blanket time limits cannot be judicially imposed [Paras 20-23, 36].

Systemic Delays – Responsibility and Remedies – Recognized that delays caused by systemic issues such as over-crowded dockets, absence of presiding officers, and other administrative factors do not amount to violation of rights – Urged that trial courts should proceed on a day-to-day basis to expedite delayed trials [Paras 19, 25].

Balancing Test – Determining Prejudice – The court must balance various factors, including the nature of the offence, number of accused, and complexity of the case, to determine if the right to a speedy trial has been violated – Established that not all delays are prejudicial, and the burden shifts to the prosecution to show the absence of serious prejudice once the accused makes a prima facie case [Paras 12-18, 20-22].

Decision: Writ Petitions dismissed – Supreme Court directed the trial court to take up the case on a day-to-day basis and conclude proceedings as early as possible without granting unnecessary adjournments [Paras 26-27].

Service Law – Recovery of Excess Payments – Supreme Court held that recovery of excess payments made to teachers/principals due to wrong pay fixation is permissible even in the absence of fraud or misrepresentation – Court emphasized that public money paid without authority of law must be recovered barring few exceptions of extreme hardship – Court noted the importance of equitable judicial discretion in relieving employees from undue hardship caused by recovery [Paras 1-18].

Recovery Limited to Cases of Extreme Hardship – Exceptions where recovery might be barred include cases of extreme hardship such as employees retiring or on the verge of retirement, as noted in previous judgments like Syed Abdul Qadir v. State of Bihar and Col. (Retd.) B.J. Akkara v. Govt. of India – Appellants in this case did not fall into such exceptional categories [Paras 13-15, 17].

Conditions for Recovery – Reiterated that excess payments due to wrong/irregular pay fixation can be recovered – Recovery from salaries was to be made in twelve equal monthly installments starting from October 2012 [Paras 17-18].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Excess payments to be recovered from appellants' salaries in twelve equal monthly installments starting from October 2012 – No order as to costs [Paras 18].

Prevention of Corruption – Demand of Bribe – Allegation against the respondent doctor for demanding a bribe of Rs. 5000 for performing surgery – FIR filed, and the doctor was caught in a trap set by the Anti-Corruption Bureau – High Court quashed the FIR considering the complainant's lack of relation to the patient and affidavits submitted by the patient's relatives [Paras 2-8].

Exercise of Powers Under Section 482 of CrPC – Supreme Court held that the High Court erred in quashing the FIR – Emphasized that affidavits obtained during the investigation should not form the basis for quashing proceedings in serious offences like corruption – Reinforced that the High Court’s power under Section 482 must be exercised sparingly and with caution [Paras 8-9].

Prima Facie Case and Evidentiary Value – Court found prima facie evidence against the respondent, including a recorded conversation and recovery of marked currency notes – Highlighted that the credibility of evidence should be tested during the trial, not at the stage of quashing the FIR [Paras 8, 10].

Decision: Impugned judgment and order of the High Court set aside – FIR and proceedings against the respondent to continue – Observations made by the Supreme Court are prima facie and the trial court should decide the case on its merits [Paras 11-12].