Criminal Law – Conviction for Attempt to Murder – The appellants were convicted under Sections 307/149 IPC for assaulting the complainant, causing the amputation of his right hand palm – Appellants argued that the injury was not fatal and was caused by a single blow to a non-vital part of the body – Held: The court reduced the conviction from Section 307 to Section 326 IPC, noting that the injury was grievous but not sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature, and there was no clear intention to kill [Paras 13-18, 23-26].

Common Object – Application of Section 149 IPC – Appellants argued they did not share a common object to attempt murder – Court observed that all appellants participated in the attack with deadly weapons, making them liable under Section 149 IPC for the common object of causing grievous hurt [Paras 15, 27-30].

Conspiracy – Section 120-B IPC – The trial court's conviction under Section 120-B was set aside due to lack of evidence supporting the existence of a prior agreement to commit the offense – No conspiracy was proven beyond a reasonable doubt [Paras 31-32].

Sentencing – Conviction Modified – Conviction under Section 307 IPC reduced to Section 326 IPC – The appellants sentenced to 5 years' rigorous imprisonment along with a fine of ₹20,000 each – Court held that a lesser punishment would not serve the ends of justice given the gravity of the injury inflicted in a public place [Paras 33-38].

Compensation – Section 357(3) Cr.P.C. – Out of the fine amount, ₹80,000 to be paid to the complainant as compensation for his injuries [Para 39].

Civil Law - Development Agreement – Breach of Contract – Declaration Sought for Nullity – The plaintiff sought a declaration that the development agreement and supplementary agreement with the defendant firm were null and void due to non-performance and failure to obtain registration from ORERA – The trial court and first appellate court held that the defendant breached the contract by collecting money from prospective buyers without obtaining ORERA registration, violating Section 3 of the RERA Act – Held: The plaintiff was justified in seeking a declaration of nullity, and the agreements were rightfully rescinded [Paras 22-24, 27].

Premature Filing of Suit – Cause of Action – The appellant argued that the suit was prematurely filed before the stipulated timelines in the agreement for completing the project and making payments – The court rejected this, holding that the breach occurred when the defendant collected funds without ORERA registration, justifying the filing of the suit even before the expiration of the contractual period [Paras 19-21].

Authority to File Suit – Power of Attorney Holder’s Knowledge – The appellant challenged the maintainability of the suit, asserting that the plaintiff’s authorized agent lacked personal knowledge of the transaction – The court ruled that the agent’s lack of knowledge regarding specific agreements did not invalidate his general awareness of the case – Any procedural defects in authorization were curable and did not defeat the substantive rights of the parties [Paras 12-16].

Reconstitution of Partnership – Dissolution on Death of Partner – The original partnership firm, having only two partners, was dissolved upon the death of one partner – The court held that the reconstitution of the firm could not bind the plaintiff to the agreements made with the dissolved entity, justifying the plaintiff’s claim for declaration of nullity [Paras 23-24].

Decision: The second appeal was dismissed, upholding the concurrent findings of the trial court and the first appellate court. The plaintiff’s declaration that the agreements and GPA were null and void was affirmed. The defendant was ordered to refund Rs. 3.2 crores to the plaintiff with interest at 12% p.a. from 01/05/2020 until payment [Paras 33-35].

Advocate's Right to Speech – Gag Order by Bar Council of India – Writ Petition Allowed – The petitioner, a practicing advocate, challenged the gag order imposed by the Bar Council of India restraining advocates from making public statements concerning alleged financial mismanagement in the Karnataka State Bar Council – The Court held that the Bar Council of India had no statutory power to issue such a gag order under Sections 4, 6, and 7 of the Advocates Act, as it would amount to a violation of the fundamental right to free speech under Article 19(1)(a) – The order was deemed unsustainable and was quashed [Paras 10-20].

Supervisory Powers of Bar Council of India – Limited Scope – The Court observed that while the Bar Council of India has general supervisory powers over State Bar Councils, these do not extend to restraining advocates from exercising their right to speech, as this would exceed the statutory mandate of Section 7(1)(g) of the Advocates Act [Paras 12-18].

Decision: The writ petition was allowed. The gag order imposed by the Bar Council of India, dated 08/04/2024, communicated through a letter dated 12/04/2024, was quashed.

Probate Petition – Will dated 28.12.1968 – The petitioners sought probate of the Will executed by Late V. Subramania Mudaliar, leaving the suit property to his daughter Saroja @ Pattammal, disinheriting his sons – The Will was challenged on the grounds of forgery and lack of due execution – The Court upheld the validity of the Will, noting that the legal heirs were aware of the Will, which had been acted upon with no challenge for over 40 years – Held: The Will was duly executed and the plaintiffs are entitled to the grant of Letters of Administration with the Will annexed, as the sole Executrix had passed away during the proceedings [Paras 26, 31, 58, 61].

Limitation – Probate Proceedings – Defendants argued that the probate petition was barred by limitation as it was filed over 40 years after the death of the testator – The Court rejected this, holding that Article 137 of the Limitation Act does not apply to probate proceedings – The petition was filed within a reasonable time after the cause of action arose, following a legal notice from the defendants in 2012 [Paras 30, 60].

Forged Will Allegation – Forensic Expert Opinion – Defendants challenged the genuineness of the Will, citing differences between the signatures of the testator on the Will and other documents – Forensic evidence suggested a difference in signatures, but the Court ruled that non-contemporaneous signatures and the limitations of forensic comparison made the expert evidence inconclusive – Held: Expert evidence is weak and must be corroborated by substantive evidence – The Court accepted the testimony of witnesses familiar with the signatures [Paras 34-36, 42-44].

Partition Suit – Right to Seek Partition – The plaintiffs in C.S. No. 325 of 2013 sought partition of the suit property, claiming the testator had died intestate – The Court dismissed the partition suit, ruling that the Will was valid, and the property was rightfully inherited by Saroja under the Will – Held: The plaintiffs in the partition suit had no right to seek partition [Paras 62, 63].

Decision: The Testamentary Original Suit (TOS No. 18 of 2015) is decreed – The plaintiffs are entitled to Letters of Administration with the Will annexed – The Civil Suit (C.S. No. 325 of 2013) for partition is dismissed [Para 64].

Civil Writ - Provident Fund Dues – Director’s Liability for Recovery under Section 8B of the EPF Act – Petition Allowed – Petitioners sought to quash recovery proceedings initiated against them, including the issuance of a recovery certificate, show cause notice, and arrest warrants under Section 8B of the EPF Act, due to alleged non-payment of provident fund dues by the company where petitioner was a director – Held: The petitioner, though a director of the company, was not an ‘employer’ as defined under Section 2(e) and 2(k) of the EPF Act since he was neither the ‘owner’ nor the ‘occupier’ with control over company affairs; he was merely an employee receiving a salary and contributing to provident fund and ESI schemes – Consequently, he could not be subjected to recovery proceedings under Section 8B of the EPF Act – Petition allowed, and impugned orders set aside [Paras 7, 16, 17].

Civil Liability under Section 8B vs. Criminal Liability under Section 14A of the EPF Act – Distinction in Application – The Court distinguished between civil liability for provident fund recovery under Section 8B and criminal liability under Section 14A of the EPF Act – Civil liability requires the individual to be an ‘employer’ or ‘occupier’ with ultimate control over factory affairs, while criminal liability can attach to any director, manager, or officer in charge of the company’s conduct at the time of the offence – Since the petitioner did not meet the criteria for civil liability, recovery proceedings under Section 8B were invalid, though criminal liability could still be assessed independently in a separate trial [Para 17].

Interpretation of ‘Employer’ and ‘Occupier’ under the EPF Act – Employee Status of Director – Petitioner argued he was an employee without control over the company and was wrongly held liable as an ‘employer’ – Court held that the term ‘employer’ in the EPF Act refers to individuals with managerial or proprietary control, not mere nominal directors without operational responsibility – Since the petitioner was not listed as an ‘occupier’ in the company’s Form 5A and had no control over factory operations, he was exempt from liability for provident fund dues under Section 8B [Paras 12-16].

Decision: Petition allowed – The impugned recovery proceedings, including the recovery certificate, show cause notice, and arrest warrants against the petitioner, are set aside – The petitioner cannot be held liable under Section 8B of the EPF Act as he was not an ‘employer’ or ‘occupier’ with control over the company’s affairs – No grounds for invoking civil recovery proceedings against petitioner under the EPF Act.
 

Civil Law – Review Petition – Principle of Res Judicata – Satyadhyan Ghosal Case Applied – The petitioners sought review of a judgment dismissing their second appeal, arguing that under Mohammadan law, adoption and execution of wills are not recognized – Held: The petitioners were estopped from raising these issues, as the findings regarding adoption and will had attained finality in the first round of litigation – The principle of res judicata applies, barring re-litigation of issues already settled [Paras 12-18].

Application of Shariat Act – Non-retroactive Effect – The petitioners further contended that the Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 2007, which mandates inheritance as per Mohammadan law, should apply to the present case – Held: The Shariat Act is not applicable retroactively, as the dispute pertains to events before its enactment [Paras 19-22].

Decision: The review petition was dismissed – The court found no error apparent on the face of the record to warrant review – The petitioners were precluded from re-agitating issues that had been settled in earlier proceedings.

Election Law – Disqualification for Defection – Petitioners challenged the order by the Kerala State Election Commission disqualifying them for defecting from the Revolutionary Marxist Party of India (RMPI) – The Election Commission found that the petitioners, who contested under the "Football" symbol allotted to RMPI, violated the party’s whip by voting against the official candidate for Panchayat President – Petitioners contended that they contested as independents under the Democratic Development Front (DDF) and were not RMPI members – Held: Petitioners, having contested using RMPI’s official symbol, were deemed RMPI candidates and bound by the party’s whip, leading to their disqualification under the Kerala Local Authorities (Prohibition of Defection) Act, 1999 [Paras 1, 3, 6, 9, 28-30].

Election Symbols – Use of “Football” Symbol – Petitioners argued they were independents contesting under the DDF, not RMPI – However, the RMPI's State Secretary had officially recommended the "Football" symbol for them, and the Returning Officer allotted it based on RMPI's priority status – The Court held that even though the "Football" symbol is a free symbol, the petitioners, having used it as RMPI candidates, were bound by the party's instructions, leading to their disqualification [Paras 17-19, 27].

Judicial Review – Writ of Certiorari – Petitioners sought to quash the Election Commission’s decision, arguing that they were wrongly classified as RMPI members – The Court held that the Election Commission’s findings were based on clear evidence, including the use of RMPI’s symbol and the defiance of the party whip – No grounds were found to issue a writ of certiorari as the Commission's order was neither perverse nor based on erroneous application of law [Paras 18, 31-32].

Decision: Writ petition dismissed – Disqualification of the petitioners for defection upheld.

Writ Jurisdiction – Request for CBI Investigation – Petition Dismissed – Petitioner, Geeta Gandhi, sought the court’s intervention under Article 226 to direct a CBI investigation into the alleged murder of her son, Kartik Gandhi, under mysterious circumstances in Leh – Held: The court found no compelling reasons to transfer the investigation from the Delhi Police to the CBI as there was no evidence to suggest any incompetency on the part of the local police – The petitioner failed to demonstrate any interstate or international ramifications of the case that would justify a CBI investigation [Paras 29, 30].

Allegations of Conspiracy – Lack of Substantive Evidence – The petitioner alleged that her son was murdered under a conspiracy involving several suspects, including Aditya Singh, who accompanied the deceased to Leh – Held: The court found that the petitioner’s claims of conspiracy were based on circumstantial evidence, and the investigation by the Delhi Police was already underway – The petitioner’s request for a CBI probe was rejected, as the allegations did not meet the threshold for transferring the case to a central agency [Para 28].

Judicial Oversight – Section 482 CrPC – Limited Scope – The court reiterated the principle that judicial interference in ongoing investigations should be minimal, especially when the investigation is being conducted by competent authorities – The petitioner had the option to approach the Magistrate under Section 156(3) CrPC for further investigation if required – The court also observed that the petitioner’s claims of a larger conspiracy lacked material evidence to warrant CBI intervention [Para 27].

Decision – The petition was dismissed, with the court holding that the Delhi Police should continue its investigation – The request for CBI intervention was declined, with liberty granted to the petitioner to approach the Magistrate if further investigation is required [Paras 31, 32].

Civil Procedure – Interim Orders – Ex-Parte Status Quo – Order 39 Rules 1 & 2 CPC – The respondent Trust sought an injunction to maintain access for devotees to offer prayers at a temple located on the disputed property – The trial court granted an ex-parte status quo order allowing prayers at the temple, despite pending applications for interim relief – Held: The ex-parte interim order was neither illegal nor perverse, as it aimed to protect the subject matter of the suit pending the disposal of interim applications – The High Court dismissed the appeal, directing the trial court to expedite the decision on the interim applications [Paras 14-20].

Res Judicata – Status Quo and Rights of Devotees – The appellants argued that the status quo order extended by the trial court was unwarranted since the dispute involved multiple suits concerning possession of the land – Held: The issue of devotees' right to offer prayers at the temple was previously addressed by the High Court, which had permitted prayers while directing maintenance of the status quo – The continuation of the interim order was a valid exercise of judicial discretion to safeguard the status quo [Paras 10-12].

Decision: The writ petition and appeal were dismissed – The trial court’s order to maintain status quo and allow devotees to offer prayers was upheld – The trial court was directed to expedite the disposal of the interim injunction applications.