Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Act – Suspension and Removal – Sarpanch suspended under Section 38(1) pending inquiry into allegations of misconduct and criminal proceedings – Suspension based on prima facie case of "disgraceful conduct" established through preliminary inquiry – Distinction between suspension due to criminal proceedings and suspension pending inquiry emphasized – Suspension order's ambiguous wording acknowledged but found to substantiate suspension under Section 38(1) [Paras 2-9].

Administrative Law – Political Rivalry – Suspension in politically charged contexts requires cautious judicial scrutiny – Principles of service jurisprudence inapplicable – Necessity for expedited resolution of inquiries to prevent misuse of suspension powers – Directions issued for concluding inquiry within specified timeframe – Suspension to continue only until the completion of the inquiry by the specified date [Paras 10-12].

Decision – Appeal disposed of – Respondents directed to conclude inquiry by April 30, 2022 – Suspension to remain effective only until April 30, 2022 – Proceedings to be conducted based on material presented and not influenced by criminal proceedings standards [Paras 12-14].

Consumer Protection – Definition of Consumer – Appellant a stock-broker, availed overdraft facility from the respondent bank for his business transactions – Overdraft facility deemed to be for 'commercial purpose' – Services availed not exclusively for earning livelihood by means of self-employment – National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission's decision upheld – Appeal dismissed [Paras 20-21, 46-47].

Consumer Protection Act – Legislative Intent – Protection aimed at individual consumers and not business entities engaging in commercial transactions – Explanation to Section 2(1)(d) excludes commercial purposes unless for self-employment to earn livelihood – Court reiterates narrow interpretation of 'consumer' to maintain legislative intent [Paras 22-31, 35-36, 42-45].

Commercial Purpose – Services availed by businesses – Services utilized for expanding business profits fall under commercial transactions – Transaction between stock-broker and bank classified as 'business to business' relationship, thus not covered under Consumer Protection Act [Paras 33-34, 46-47].

Decision – Appeal dismissed – National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission's decision affirmed – Appellant not entitled to consumer protection for availing services for commercial purposes [Paras 48-49].

Constitutional Law – Scheduled Tribes – Notification by State of Bihar recognizing Lohar community as Scheduled Tribes quashed – Previous Supreme Court judgments consistently held Lohars as Other Backward Classes (OBC) and not Scheduled Tribes – Notification issued without basis and contrary to authoritative English version of Presidential Order under Article 342 – Notification declared illegal and arbitrary [Paras 12-13, 22-25, 28].

Fundamental Rights – Right to Liberty – Violation – Petitioners wrongfully prosecuted under SC/ST Act based on unconstitutional notification – Court emphasizes that violation of Article 14 and Article 21 warrants relief under Article 32 – State directed to pay compensation for wrongful imprisonment and costs imposed [Paras 7, 9, 26-27, 29-31].

Judicial Review – Power of Supreme Court under Article 32 – Delay in filing writ petition not sufficient to deny relief when Fundamental Rights violated – Article 32 petition entertained due to serious constitutional issues and wrongful prosecution under invalid notification [Paras 9-11].

Decision – Writ Petition allowed – Impugned notification quashed – State directed to pay costs of Rs. 5,00,000 to petitioners within one month – Clarification that 'Lohara' community remains recognized as Scheduled Tribes, while 'Lohar' community does not [Paras 29-31].

Insurance Law – Non-ATM Transaction Requirement – Appellant's claim under "Cardsure Package Policy" rejected due to failure to meet non-ATM transaction condition – Bank did not furnish policy terms to account holder – Insurance terms must be communicated to policy beneficiaries – Claim valid as special conditions were not communicated – Judgment of NCDRC set aside and District Forum's order restored – Compensation of Rs. 5 lakhs with 9% interest per annum awarded [Paras 3-15].

Consumer Protection – Communication of Insurance Policy Terms – Terms of insurance cover must be communicated to account holder beneficiaries – Bank failed to establish that terms were communicated – Insurer's repudiation of claim wrongful due to non-communication of policy conditions – Insurer may seek remedy against the bank [Paras 10-14].

Deficiency of Service – Insurer's wrongful repudiation due to bank's failure to communicate policy terms – Consumer entitled to relief under Consumer Protection Act – Insurer directed to compensate consumer with Rs. 5 lakhs and interest [Paras 12-15].

Decision – Appeals allowed – NCDRC judgment set aside – District Forum's award of Rs. 5 lakhs with interest at 9% per annum and Rs. 20,000 for compensation and costs restored – Payment to be made within one month [Paras 15-16].

Securities Law – Disclosure of Investigation Report – Right to Disclosure – SEBI’s investigation report under Regulation 9 of the PFUTP Regulations must be disclosed to the person against whom a show cause notice is issued – Report is not merely an internal document but forms the basis for SEBI’s action under Regulations 11 and 12 – Non-disclosure of relevant information could render punitive order void if prejudice is proven [Paras 1-25, 27].

Natural Justice – Principles of Fairness – Right to Fair Hearing – Disclosure of investigative material is essential for ensuring a fair trial and upholding transparency in judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings – Material used against an individual must be disclosed to allow for adequate defense – Partial non-disclosure permissible if it involves third-party confidential information or affects market stability, but specific reasons must be recorded [Paras 22-24, 28, 33-36].

Regulatory Framework – SEBI’s Duties and Powers – SEBI must balance its regulatory duties with principles of natural justice – While protecting market integrity and third-party interests, SEBI is obligated to provide access to material evidence forming the basis of allegations against an individual – Distinction between internal deliberations and material directly influencing punitive decisions [Paras 15-21].

Decision – Appeals allowed – High Court judgment set aside – SEBI directed to provide relevant portions of the investigation report pertaining to the appellant while withholding sections containing third-party confidential information or impacting market stability with recorded reasons [Paras 27-30, 37].

Auction Sales – Public Auction – Finality – Auction held in 1998 with 45 participants – Appellant declared highest bidder and sale confirmed – Re-auction ordered by High Court after 23 years based on presumed higher property value criticized – Sanctity of public auction and finality of completed sales emphasized – Order of re-auction set aside [Paras 8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.13].

Public Interest Litigation – Locus Standi – Challenge to auction by non-participant – High Court’s order for re-auction influenced by non-participants’ offers made post-auction deemed inappropriate – PIL by individuals with ulterior motives discouraged – Locus standi of objectors scrutinized – High Courts cautioned against entertaining PILs without substantial public interest [Paras 8.3, 8.4, 8.12].

Judicial Review – Delay and Finality – Revisiting auction sale after two decades deemed inappropriate – Value assessment should consider time of auction, not future escalations – Orders affecting settled transactions to maintain judicial prudence and uphold contractual obligations [Paras 8.7, 8.8, 8.11, 8.13].

Decision – Appeals allowed – High Court's order for re-auction quashed – Sale in favor of appellant confirmed – Appellant directed to pay additional amount considering interest and inflation – Auction's original sale deed to be honored [Paras 9].

Service Law – Promotion – Eligibility Criteria – Appellant's promotion to B.T. Assistant (English) quashed by High Court based on Rule 14, which disqualifies teachers with simultaneous B.A./B.Sc./B.Ed degrees during the same academic year – Appellant obtained B.A. (English) and M.A. (Tamil) degrees in different academic years – Rule 14 not applicable – High Court’s decision materially erred in interpreting eligibility criteria – Promotion restored [Paras 5, 5.1, 6, 7].

Interpretation of Rules – Academic Year – Degrees obtained in different academic years – Rule 14’s restriction specific to same academic year acquisitions – M.A. (Tamil) not equatable with B.A./B.Sc./B.Ed degrees – Appellant’s degrees acquired under distance education in distinct periods – Misapplication of Rule 14 by High Court [Paras 5, 5.1].

Decision – Appeal allowed – High Court's judgments quashed – Promotion to B.T. Assistant (English) restored – Appellant's promotion order dated 06.08.2016 reinstated [Paras 6, 7].

Criminal Procedure – Supplementary Investigation Reports – Conjoint Reading – Initial report under Section 173(2) CrPC found prima facie case against appellants – Supplementary report under Section 173(8) concluded no case made out – Magistrate must consider both reports together – Vinay Tyagi (2013) and Vinubhai Haribhai Malaviya (2019) cases emphasized cumulative reading of reports [Paras 10-12, 16].

Judicial Review – Revisional Jurisdiction – Magistrate’s Duty – Sessions Judge correctly set aside Magistrate's acceptance of supplementary report without considering both reports – Order for remand based on flawed Single Judge decision in Joseph (2018) counter to Supreme Court precedents – Remand necessary for Magistrate to reassess both reports holistically [Paras 15-16].

Criminal Law – Protest Petitions – Impact – Dismissal of protest petition by complainant for non-prosecution does not invalidate requirement to consider supplementary report – Magistrate’s acceptance of final report without full review improper – Sessions Judge’s intervention justified [Paras 13-15].

Decision – Appeal disposed of – Magistrate to reassess original and supplementary reports per Vinay Tyagi and Vinubhai Haribhai Malaviya precedents – Magistrate directed to decide expeditiously within one month [Paras 16-17].

Constitutional Law – Gender Discrimination – Licensing Conditions – Conditions limiting the number of female performers in bars under the Maharashtra Police Act, 1951 and Licensing Rules, 1960 found to directly transgress Article 15(1) and 19(1)(g) – Justifications for the restriction aiming to protect women deemed to entomb their aspirations and curtail their employment choices – State duty to facilitate women's employment rather than stifle it emphasized – Impugned conditions on gender cap declared void – Overall limit of performers set at eight but gender composition to be flexible [Paras 32-33, 46-49].

Statutory Interpretation – Rule-Making Powers – Licensing authorities' powers to impose conditions under Act and Rules – Conditions to be reasonable and not violate fundamental rights – Imposition of gender-specific caps on performers not traceable to statutory provisions – Disproportionate restrictions without rational basis held unconstitutional [Paras 21-23, 31].

Judicial Precedents – Public Morality and Gender Discrimination – Reliance on previous judgments rejecting similar justifications for restrictions on women’s employment in establishments – Analysis of precedents emphasizing equality, non-discrimination, and the right to choose occupation – Applicability of standards from IHRA-I, IHRA-III, and Anuj Garg judgments reaffirmed [Paras 26-27, 42-44].

Decision – Appeals allowed – Impugned conditions imposing gender cap on performers set aside – Conditions restricting number of performers to eight upheld, with no gender-specific restrictions – Licensing authorities directed to amend conditions accordingly [Paras 49].