Constitutional Law – Right to Dignity – Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees the right to dignity and fair treatment to a living person and also extends this right to their body after death – Supreme Court emphasized that this right includes treating the body with respect and allowing family members to perform last rites according to religious traditions [Paras 36, 54].

Exhumation – Public Order and Health – Supreme Court acknowledged that exhumation of a body buried for over eight months could pose public health risks and disturb public order – Court emphasized that disinterment should be considered only in exceptional circumstances and with strong necessity [Paras 53-56].

Judicial Discretion – Exercise of Power – Supreme Court stressed the importance of judicial discretion and the need to balance individual rights with public order and health – Affirmed High Court’s decision to allow family members to perform prayers at the grave without exhuming the body [Paras 56-60].

Decision:

Appeal dismissed – High Court's order allowing family to perform prayers at the grave upheld – No order as to costs.

Medical Negligence – Reduction of Compensation – National Commission enhanced the compensation from Rs. 1 lakh awarded by the District Forum to Rs. 10 lakhs – Supreme Court found enhancement unjustified in absence of appeal or revision by the complainant – National Commission did not exercise suo moto revisional power properly – Supreme Court reduced the enhanced compensation to Rs. 4 lakhs to do substantial justice under Article 142 [Paras 1-8].

Consumer Protection – Suo Moto Revision – National Commission has suo moto revisional jurisdiction under Section 21(b) of the Consumer Protection Act – However, in this case, the National Commission did not put appellants on notice for enhancement, rendering the order unsustainable – Proper exercise of suo moto powers requires notification to parties [Paras 5-7].

Compensation – Factors for Determination – Amount of compensation varies based on individual damages and disabilities – Enhancement should not be automatic based on precedents without considering specific suffering and trauma of the complainant – Supreme Court adjusted compensation to balance justice and reasonable relief [Paras 7-8].

Decision: Appeal partly allowed – National Commission's order enhancing compensation to Rs. 10 lakhs quashed – Compensation enhanced to Rs. 4 lakhs under Article 142 – Appellants directed to pay balance amount within six weeks – Interest at 7.5% for delayed payment – Respondent allowed to withdraw deposited amount with accrued interest [Paras 8].

Criminal Law – Cancellation of Bail – Grounds for cancellation of bail for the co-accused were identical to those for the present respondents – Supreme Court held that once bail for the co-accused was cancelled, bail for the present respondents also required cancellation – High Court failed to consider the gravity of the offence and eyewitness identification in its bail order [Paras 1-6].

Penal Code – Sections 120(B), 302, 201 read with Section 34 – High Court's failure to consider the gravity of the offence and the identification of the respondents by two eyewitnesses – Supreme Court emphasized the necessity of considering these factors in bail decisions, especially in severe cases involving murder [Paras 2-3].

Legal Principles – Eyewitness Testimony and Bail – Supreme Court noted that the High Court's observations about the possibility of witness tampering before the Test Identification Parade were speculative – Supreme Court reiterated that proper weight must be given to eyewitness testimony in bail considerations [Paras 4-5].

Decision:

Appeals allowed – Bail orders passed by the High Court releasing the respondents Subrahmanya and Rajesh on bail were quashed and set aside – Respondents directed to surrender within two weeks – If they fail to surrender, the concerned police authority to arrest them and the Trial Court to issue non-bailable warrants [Paras 6-7].

Consumer Law – Unfair Trade Practice – Non-delivery of a new car booked and paid for in full constitutes unfair trade practice and dishonesty – District Forum and State Commission's directions to deliver a new car were justified – National Commission erred in reversing these findings [Paras 1-8].

Revisional Jurisdiction – Scope and Limitations – National Commission's powers under Section 21(b) of the Consumer Protection Act are limited to cases where the State Commission has exercised jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity – National Commission exceeded its revisional jurisdiction by re-evaluating evidence and setting aside concurrent factual findings [Paras 7-7.2].

Decision: Appeal allowed – National Commission's order quashed – District Forum's and State Commission's orders restored – Respondent directed to deliver a new car and comply with the District Forum's judgment – Respondent to pay Rs. 1 lakh in costs, split between the appellant and the Supreme Court's Mediation and Conciliation Project Committee [Paras 8].

Criminal Procedure – Quashing of Proceedings – Appellant challenged High Court's quashing of criminal proceedings based on a settlement between parties in a corruption case – Supreme Court emphasized the seriousness of corruption cases, stating that they cannot be quashed based merely on settlements, as corruption impacts the State and society at large – High Court's order quashing the criminal complaint set aside [Paras 1-14].

Corruption – Impact on Society – Court stressed that corruption by public servants is an offense against the State and society – Settling such cases privately undermines the judicial process and public trust – The need for stringent measures to uphold the integrity of public office highlighted [Paras 27-44].

Non-compoundable Offenses – Settlement Not Sufficient – Highlighted that offenses under the Prevention of Corruption Act and related sections of the IPC are non-compoundable – Such offenses cannot be settled privately to quash proceedings – Judicial scrutiny required to maintain the rule of law [Paras 42-45].

Decision – Appeals allowed – High Court's order quashing the criminal proceedings set aside – Criminal complaint restored – Investigating Officer directed to file a further report under Section 173(8) of the CrPC – Special Court instructed to proceed based on the merits of the case [Paras 50-51].

Criminal Law – Murder Conviction – Appellants convicted for the murder of an aged couple during a robbery – Trial court imposed death sentence – High Court reduced it to life imprisonment – Supreme Court analyzed the brutality and premeditated nature of the crime, considering societal impact and trust betrayal [Paras 1-12].

Sentence – Death Penalty vs. Life Imprisonment – Court deliberated on the appropriateness of death sentence versus a fixed term life sentence – Emphasized on the rarest of rare doctrine – Supreme Court highlighted the aggravating factors including the trust reposed in the accused and the heinous manner of the crime – Mitigating factors such as age of the accused considered [Paras 3-13].

Fixed Term Sentence – Concept and Application – Court imposed a fixed term sentence of 30 years before remission eligibility – Discussed the balance between retributive justice and rehabilitative justice – Referenced previous judgments advocating for fixed term sentences in lieu of death penalty where mitigating factors exist [Paras 12-14].

Decision – Appeals partially allowed – Imposed fixed term sentence of 30 years for the convicts – Emphasized the hope for reintegration of the convicts into society post-sentence [Para 14].

Criminal Law – Dishonestly Receiving Stolen Property – Appeal – Conviction under Section 411 IPC requires proof that the accused had knowledge or reason to believe that the property was stolen – Supreme Court found that the prosecution failed to establish that the appellant had such knowledge – Conviction based solely on the possession of stolen goods and selling them at a lower price is insufficient without proving the essential element of mens rea – Appeal allowed [Paras 1-25].

Essential Ingredients – Section 411 IPC – For a conviction under Section 411 IPC, it must be proved that (1) the stolen property was in the possession of the accused, (2) the property was previously in someone else's possession, and (3) the accused knew or believed the property to be stolen – The prosecution failed to meet these criteria in this case [Paras 21-22].

Disclosure Statements – Insufficient Evidence – The Court noted that the disclosure statement of one accused cannot prove another accused's knowledge of the stolen nature of the goods – Concrete evidence is required to establish such knowledge – Prosecution's evidence found unreliable due to discrepancies [Paras 11-20, 23].

Decision – Appeal allowed – Conviction and sentencing of appellant under Section 411 IPC set aside – Appellant acquitted and ordered to be released forthwith if not required in any other case [Para 25].

Criminal Law – Murder Conviction – Appeal – In absence of concrete evidence, conviction is unsustainable – Appellants were convicted for the murder of Rupak Kumar Gogoi, Managing Director of the company where they were employed – Prosecution relied on eyewitness testimonies which did not conclusively prove that the appellants caused any injury or instigated the laborers to commit the crime – Supreme Court found that the appellants were present as union office bearers and there was no evidence of their participation in the crime – Conviction under Section 302 IPC with the aid of Section 149 IPC found unsustainable – Appeal allowed [Paras 1-6].

Concrete Evidence – Requirement for Conviction – Court emphasized the necessity of concrete evidence to sustain a conviction – Mere presence at the crime scene or holding a position of authority does not establish guilt without evidence of direct involvement or instigation – Appellants acquitted due to lack of such evidence [Paras 5-6].

Decision – Appeal allowed – Conviction and sentencing of appellants set aside – Appellants acquitted and ordered to be released forthwith if not required in any other case [Para 7].

Succession Law – Faridkot Royal Family Property Dispute – Appellants and respondents contested the succession to the estate of Raja Harinder Singh – Main issues included the applicability of the Raja of Faridkot's Estate Act, the Rule of Primogeniture, and the validity of the Third Will dated June 01, 1982 – Supreme Court upheld the High Court's judgment, ruling that the Raja of Faridkot's Estate Act was not a valid enactment for succession purposes and that the Rule of Primogeniture was not applicable – The properties were to be succeeded according to personal law of succession – Third Will declared invalid [Paras 1-28].

Primogeniture – Not Applicable – The Court held that the Rule of Primogeniture did not apply to the properties of Raja Harinder Singh after the integration of Faridkot State into the Indian Union – Succession was to be governed by personal law rather than by primogeniture [Paras 20-21].

Validity of Will – The Court found the Third Will dated June 01, 1982, executed by Raja Harinder Singh to be a fabricated document, shrouded with suspicious circumstances, and therefore invalid – Succession to the properties left by the Ruler was to be governed by intestate succession [Paras 14, 19].

Decision – Special Leave Petitions dismissed – High Court's order upheld – Properties to be succeeded as per personal law – Maharwal Khewaji Trust to manage properties until further orders from the executing court [Paras 28].