Civil Law – Change of Date of Birth – Repeated Litigation – The petitioner sought to change his date of birth from 10.04.1962 to 23.04.1964 after serving more than 10 years as an engineer – The claim was initially dismissed by the Trial Court, and subsequent appeals up to the Supreme Court were also dismissed – Despite multiple dismissals, the petitioner continued to litigate – Held: The petitioner was attempting to "flog a dead horse" by engaging in repeated and meritless litigation, thereby burdening the judicial system – Supreme Court dismissed the Special Leave Petition and imposed costs of ₹1,00,000 to be paid to the AIIMS Poor Patients Fund [Paras 6-10].

Judicial Process – Abuse of Process – Cost Imposition – The petitioner's repeated litigation despite clear legal position and multiple judicial rejections amounted to an abuse of the judicial process – Held: Imposition of costs as a deterrent against vexatious litigation – Costs of ₹1,00,000 imposed on the petitioner, recoverable as arrears of land revenue if not complied with [Paras 11-15].

Decision: Special Leave Petition dismissed – Costs of ₹1,00,000 imposed on the petitioner to be deposited with the AIIMS Poor Patients Fund within three months – Non-compliance will result in recovery as arrears of land revenue [Paras 16].

Service Law – Transfer Orders – Non-Compliance by Employees – Quashing of Transfer Orders – The appellants (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University) challenged the quashing of transfer orders by the High Court – Supreme Court held: Transfer is an exigency of service and employees have no right to refuse compliance once relieved from their original posting – Employees must comply with transfer orders while simultaneously pursuing legal remedies – Refusal to join at the new posting would jeopardize administrative functioning and cause financial burden on public institutions [Paras 2-6].

Unauthorised Absence – Non-Payment of Salary – The Court found that four respondents who had interim relief were entitled to their salaries and regularisation of service, whereas two respondents (Nos. 4 and 7) were not entitled to salary for the period of unauthorized absence – Their period of service was, however, to be treated as continuous without salary for the period of absence [Paras 16-18].

Decision – Appeals allowed in part – The transfer orders quashed by the High Court were restored – Salaries for respondent nos. 1, 2, 3, and 5 to be cleared for the period of absence, and regularisation ordered – Respondents nos. 4 and 7 to be regularised but not entitled to salary during the period of unauthorized absence [Paras 17-19].

Service Law – Stepping Up of Pay – Applicability of Rule 21 of 2002 Pay Rules – Appellants, senior to certain Assistant Professors (1984-95 Group), sought stepping up of their pay to match the pay granted to these juniors under the Career Advancement Scheme, which included ad hoc service. Supreme Court held that Rule 21 of the 2002 Pay Rules was inapplicable as the alleged pay anomaly was not a direct result of Rule 21, but rather due to counting ad hoc service for pay fixation – Appeals dismissed [Paras 31-39].

Ad Hoc Service – Counting for Senior Scale/Selection Grade – The Court noted that the juniors had higher pay due to their previous ad hoc service being counted for Senior Scale and Selection Grade under the Career Advancement Scheme. The anomaly in pay was not due to the application of Rule 21, making the rule inapplicable. [Paras 30-32].

Precedents and Application – The Court referenced prior judgments, including R. Swaminathan v. Union of India and M. Suryanarayana Rao v. Union of India, confirming that differences in pay due to previous ad hoc service do not warrant stepping up under Rule 21 [Paras 36-37].

Decision:

Appeals dismissed. Rule 21 of the 2002 Pay Rules held inapplicable. No relief granted to the appellants. Pending applications disposed of accordingly.

Compassionate Appointment – Nature and Object – Articles 14 and 16 – Not a source of recruitment – Exception to the general rule of open competition to alleviate sudden financial crisis of the family due to death in harness – To be strictly governed by the applicable scheme/rules and financial condition of the family – High Court’s direction granting appointment set aside [Paras 4, 5, 11]

Retiral Benefits – Relevance in Assessing Financial Hardship – Scheme expressly requires consideration of family pension, gratuity, PF contributions, compensation, insurance proceeds, other income, employment of family members and liabilities – High Court’s view that such benefits are irrelevant held contrary to law – Followed The General Manager (D&PB) v. Kunti Tiwary – Bank justified in considering receipt of substantial amounts to hold no indigence [Para 9]

Judicial Review – Limits – Courts cannot confer appointment on sympathetic considerations when scheme does not warrant it – Compassionate appointment cannot substitute regular recruitment nor be claimed as a matter of right – Reliance on LIC v. Asha Ramachandra Ambekar – Umesh Kumar Nagpal v. State of Haryana – State of Haryana v. Rani Devi and line of cases reaffirmed [Paras 5, 6, 8]

Timeliness and Purpose – Appointment should be prompt to mitigate immediate crisis but cannot be kept open indefinitely or granted after long delay absent scheme provision – Emphasised Smt. Sushma Gosain; Paras Nath [Paras 6, 7]

Parity Claims – Alleged similar appointments – Distinction noted where other cases pertained to non-pensionable category – Parity cannot override scheme criteria of financial condition [Para 10]

Decision – Appeal allowed – Orders of Single Judge and Division Bench set aside – However, respondent’s case may be considered sympathetically, if permissible, under any prevailing scheme or administrative decision in accordance with law – No order as to costs [Paras 11–13]

Criminal Law – Appeal against Conviction under Section 304 Part II IPC – Alteration of Sentence – High Court altered the conviction of the appellant from Section 304 Part I to Section 304 Part II IPC and sentenced him to five years of rigorous imprisonment – The appellant argued for complete acquittal, claiming self-defense, while the State supported the High Court’s decision – Supreme Court concurred with the High Court on altering the conviction but further reduced the sentence to the period already undergone by the appellant – Held: The sentence was modified due to the incident occurring in the heat of the moment without premeditation, and the appeal was partly allowed [Paras 1-27].

Evidence Evaluation – Eyewitness Testimonies and Self-defense Claims – Appellant argued that eyewitnesses were interested witnesses, and the incident occurred due to the aggressive behavior of the deceased and his family – The Court analyzed testimonies and medical evidence, finding that the attack by the appellant was not premeditated but occurred in a highly charged emotional state – The Court emphasized the importance of considering the mental state and circumstances leading to the incident when evaluating the evidence [Paras 10-17, 23-26].

Decision – Part Allowance of Appeal – Held – The appeal was partly allowed – The Supreme Court maintained the conviction under Section 304 Part II IPC but reduced the sentence to the period already undergone – The appellant was ordered to be released forthwith if not required in any other case [Paras 27-28].

Prospective Overruling – Doctrine of – Applicability – Supreme Court rejected the plea to apply the doctrine of prospective overruling to the decision in MADA v. Steel Authority of India, which overruled India Cement Ltd. v. State of Tamil Nadu – Held, MADA decision shall not operate prospectively, as applying it prospectively would invalidate legislation enacted by States under their plenary powers and cause unjust outcomes – Prospective application of MADA rejected [Paras 13-24].

Financial Impact on Assesses – Staggered Payment of Tax – Considering the financial burden on assesses due to the retrospective application of the MADA decision, the Court directed that payment of tax demands for the period prior to April 1, 2005, be staggered over twelve years from April 1, 2026 – Directed waiver of interest and penalty on tax demands for the period before July 25, 2024 [Para 25].

Tax Legislation – Validation Act – The Court noted that Parliament enacted the Cess and Other Taxes on Minerals (Validation) Act, 1992, to validate taxes collected under State legislation before 1991 – Discussed the balance between the financial interests of States and the commercial expectations of assesses in light of conflicting precedents [Paras 20-22].

Decision: Doctrine of prospective overruling not applied to MADA decision. Payment of tax demands for transactions before April 1, 2005, to be staggered over twelve years starting from April 1, 2026. Waiver of interest and penalty on tax demands for the period before July 25, 2024.

Contempt of Court – Wilful Disobedience – Advertisement of Drugs – Patanjali Ayurved Limited continued to publish advertisements and hold press conferences making claims about their products curing certain diseases despite an assurance to the Supreme Court that no such advertisements would be published – The advertisements claimed complete cures for serious conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure, which are listed in the schedule of the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954 – Supreme Court held that Patanjali and its officials wilfully violated the Court's order and demonstrated bad faith – Contemnors tendered an apology, but the Court expressed reservations about accepting it, given the continued violations and attempts to evade responsibility – Court directed contemnors to publish public apologies and cease all such advertisements and statements [Paras 1-21, 30-37].

Apology – Acceptance – Apology tendered by contemnors found inadequate and conditional – Court emphasized the need for an unconditional and unqualified apology, stressing that contemnors must demonstrate genuine remorse and compliance with the Court's orders [Paras 14-21].

Sanctions – Supreme Court reserved the right to impose further sanctions in light of the contemnors' continued disobedience and lack of sincere compliance with its directions – Emphasized that contempt jurisdiction must be exercised with caution but is necessary to maintain the authority and dignity of the judiciary [Paras 22-29, 37].

Decision:

Apologies tendered were noted, but the Court decided to keep the contempt proceedings ongoing to monitor compliance. Further orders regarding sanctions and compliance were reserved.

Perjury – Filing False Affidavit – High Court’s Direction to Prosecute – Appellant accused of submitting a false affidavit during bail proceedings – High Court directed the filing of a criminal complaint under Section 193 IPC – Supreme Court emphasized that a mere denial in affidavits does not meet the threshold for perjury – No evidence of deliberate falsehood or malafide intention found – Court underscored the importance of restricting perjury prosecution to cases involving clear, deliberate falsehoods that affect the course of justice [Paras 1-21].

Criminal Procedure – Section 195(1)(b) Cr.P.C. – Necessity of Judicial Sanction – Emphasized the requirement for courts to exercise caution and ensure that there is sufficient and reasonable ground before initiating perjury proceedings – Observed that prosecution under Section 193 IPC should be initiated only in exceptional circumstances where it is expedient in the interest of justice [Paras 9-20].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court’s direction to register a complaint for perjury set aside – Any proceedings arising from the High Court’s order quashed – The ongoing criminal trial against the appellant to proceed independently as per law [Paras 21].

UAPA – Bail – Allowed - Prima Facie Case – Appellant sought bail after rejection by the Special Court and High Court. Accused under Sections 13, 18, 18A, 20 of UAPA. The Supreme Court evaluated whether there were reasonable grounds to believe the accusations were prima facie true. Held that there was insufficient material linking the appellant to the terrorist activities of PFI, particularly considering the distorted and unreliable nature of the evidence presented by the prosecution, including the testimony of protected witnesses and other circumstantial evidence [Paras 1-19].

Evidence – Protected Witness Testimony – Paragraph 17.16 of the charge sheet was found to misrepresent the testimony of protected witness Z, with significant discrepancies between the actual statement and what was presented in the charge sheet. The court emphasized the need for accuracy and fairness in investigation and documentation by the prosecuting agency [Paras 10-12].

Bail under UAPA – Stringent Conditions – Despite stringent provisions under Section 43D(5) of UAPA, the court held that bail should be granted if the accusations are not prima facie true. The court reiterated the principle that "bail is the rule, and jail is the exception," particularly under Article 21 of the Constitution [Paras 20-22].

Decision: Appeal allowed. The appellant was granted bail, with the Supreme Court directing the Special Court to set appropriate terms and conditions for release [Para 22].