Criminal Law – Murder and Attempt to Murder – Right of Private Defence – Sections 302, 304 Part I, 307, 34 IPC – Conviction Modified – Trial Court acquitted A-2 (son) and convicted A-1 (father) under Section 304 Part I IPC for exceeding right of private defence – High Court reversed and convicted both under Section 302 IPC – Held: Trial Court’s findings were reasonable, supported by medical evidence and defence version – High Court not justified in interfering with acquittal – A-2 entitled to acquittal – A-1 guilty of exceeding private defence, conviction under Section 304 Part I restored with reduced sentence of five years RI and fine [Paras 16–32].

Appellate Jurisdiction – Interference with Acquittal – Scope – Section 380 CrPC – Well-settled that if two views are reasonably possible on evidence, the one favouring the accused must prevail – High Court erred in substituting its opinion when Trial Court’s view was plausible and based on appreciation of evidence – Order of acquittal of A-2 restored [Paras 26–30].

Evidence – Medical Evidence vis-à-vis Ocular Testimony – Sections 161, 313 CrPC – Prosecution witnesses changed version at trial to suit medical evidence of upward trajectory of pellets – Contradictions with FIR and Section 161 statements impeached credibility – Defence version consistent with medical findings and injuries on A-1, Suba Singh – Prosecution case doubtful [Paras 16–20, 22–24].

Right of Private Defence – Exceeding Limits – Section 304 Part I IPC – A-1 proved to have fired in self-defence when attacked with brick-bats by deceased – However, use of firearm causing death exceeded lawful right – Conviction altered from Section 302 to Section 304 Part I IPC – Sentence reduced to five years RI with fine of Rs. 10,000 [Paras 31–32].

Decision – Appeals of A-2 (Shingara Singh) allowed – Acquittal restored – Appeals of A-1 (Suba Singh) partly allowed – Conviction under Section 302/34 IPC set aside, conviction under Section 304 Part I IPC affirmed with modified sentence [Para 32].

Service Law – Acquittal in Criminal Case – Reinstatement with Back Wages – Partial Relief Granted – Respondent, a government servant, was dismissed following conviction under Section 302/34 IPC—Upon acquittal by the High Court, he was reinstated with full back wages by writ court—Supreme Court held: Reinstatement proper, but award of back wages unjustified as employer had no role in criminal prosecution—Employer cannot be burdened with liability during period when services could not be utilised due to lawful conviction [Paras 2, 4].

Employment – Criminal Proceedings Not Initiated by Employer – Impact on Back Wages – Supreme Court distinguished between cases where department initiates prosecution and where employee is prosecuted in personal capacity—Held: In latter case, even upon acquittal, denial of back wages is reasonable if the department acted lawfully on conviction—No fault can be attributed to the employer [Paras 4].

Binding Precedent – SLP Dismissal Without Reason – Not a Declaration of Law – Respondent relied on an earlier case where SLP was summarily dismissed—Supreme Court clarified that such dismissal does not constitute a binding precedent—In contrast, detailed reasoning in Ranchhodji Chaturji Thakore case provides authoritative guidance—Held: Reinstatement without back wages appropriate [Para 4].

Final Relief – Reinstatement with Continuity but Without Back Wages – Service Period Counted – Respondent entitled to reinstatement with continuity of service from date of acquittal—No back wages for period prior to acquittal—Such period will count for notional seniority and service benefits, excluding monetary claim [Para 5].

Final Decision – Appeal Partly Allowed – High Court Order Modified – Supreme Court allowed appeal in part—Set aside direction for payment of back wages—Directed reinstatement to be effected within 30 days if not already done—Parties to bear their own costs [Paras 5–6].

Arbitration – Award by Umpire – Challenge on Grounds of Bias – Not Raised in Earlier Proceedings – Not Permitted – Appellant failed to raise any objection regarding alleged bias of the Umpire at any stage before the trial court, during remittal, or in High Court proceedings – Such objection raised for the first time in appeal before Supreme Court – Held: Appellant barred from raising bias at this stage due to waiver and acquiescence – Mere procedural error by Umpire in filing the award through advocate cannot be equated with misconduct or malice – Doctrine of bias must be pleaded and substantiated, which was not done [Paras 15, 16, 20, 24-27].

Arbitration – Requirement of Reasoned Award – Andhra Pradesh Amendment – Retrospective Effect – Valid – The High Court correctly remitted the unreasoned award back to the Umpire following the Andhra Pradesh Amendment to Sections 14 and 17 of the Arbitration Act, 1940, which mandated reasoned awards even in pending cases – The Umpire subsequently passed a reasoned award – Objection to sufficiency of reasons not gone into by Supreme Court due to subsequent events [Paras 4-6, 28].

Procedural Impropriety – Umpire Filing Award Through Advocate – Not Misconduct – Act of Filing Award Through Lawyer Not Indicative of Bias – High Court’s adverse comments on Umpire’s conduct in filing the award himself and appointing a lawyer were not the basis for setting aside the award – Held: Such conduct, even if irregular, did not amount to legal misconduct or bias to vitiate the award under Section 30 of the Arbitration Act [Paras 12, 18-20].

Doctrine of Waiver – Failure to Raise Objection – Appellant Estopped – State Bank of India failed to raise any objection to alleged misconduct or bias despite multiple opportunities, including during filing of objections, remittal, subsequent proceedings, and appeals – Held: Objection cannot be raised for first time before Supreme Court after adverse High Court observations – Participation without protest amounts to waiver [Paras 25-27].

Final Decision – Appeals Dismissed – Liberty to Challenge Subsequent Award – Supreme Court found no merit in appeals challenging earlier proceedings – However, liberty granted to appellant to challenge the new reasoned award passed by the Umpire in 1998 before appropriate forum [Para 29].

Land Acquisition – Challenge to Notification after Delay – Section 4, Section 17, Section 18 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 – Writ Petition Dismissed – Respondents filed a writ petition challenging acquisition 22 years after notification under Section 4 read with Section 17, despite having earlier sought enhancement of compensation under Section 18 – High Court allowed the writ petition holding delay showed bonafides – Held: Mere non-utilization of land or pendency of other litigation not sufficient to justify gross delay and laches – Respondents had no explanation for the delay – High Court’s reasoning unsustainable – Judgment set aside [Paras 5–11].

Grounds of Fraud – Subsequent Allegations – Rejected – Respondents attempted to justify delay on alleged fraud in proposed transfer of land by the State – Held: No ground of fraud pleaded in writ petition, allegations arose only from State’s reply – Cannot justify belated writ petition filed after 22 years [Para 7].

Delay and Laches – Effect of Participation in Compensation Proceedings – Respondents had filed reference under Section 18 and pursued appeal for enhancement – Having accepted acquisition proceedings, they were estopped from challenging acquisition belatedly – Writ petition not maintainable [Paras 3, 9, 10].

Decision – Appeal Allowed – Judgment of Punjab and Haryana High Court dated 21st March 2001 set aside – Writ petition filed by Respondents dismissed – Costs of Rs. 5,000 imposed on Respondents [Paras 11–12].

Election Law – Qualification of Candidate – Article 173(b) of the Constitution – Age requirement of 25 years – Election set aside – Appellant challenged election of respondent on ground of being below 25 years at nomination – High Court rejected petition – Supreme Court held: burden of proof partly on petitioner, but facts within special knowledge to be proved by respondent (Sections 103, 106 Evidence Act) – Respondent failed to produce authentic records and relied on forged or unreliable documents – Circumstantial and documentary evidence indicated respondent was below 25 years – Election declared void [Paras 24–33, 53–64, 80–82].

Pleadings – Evasive Denial – Order 8 Rules 3 & 5 CPC – Effect – Respondent failed to specifically deny allegation that his elder brother’s age proved he was below 25 years – Evasive denial deemed admission – Such admission binding under Section 58 Evidence Act – High Court erred in ignoring this principle – Supreme Court applied rule strictly in election petitions [Paras 67–75].

Evidence – School Registers and Transfer Certificates – Sections 35 & 37 Evidence Act – Entries in private school admission registers not reliable unless proved with basis of entry – Alterations and contradictions found – Held: such records had little probative value in absence of primary supporting material – Courts must be cautious as false ages are often given at school admission for future advantage [Paras 34–39, 53–56].

Evidence – Horoscope and Bail Application – Horoscope not proved by maker, considered self-serving and inadmissible – Bail application mentioning respondent’s minority held relevant admission under Sections 17–21 Evidence Act – High Court erred in discarding it summarily – False or contradictory statements in judicial proceedings shift burden on respondent [Paras 61–66].

Official Records – Report of Chief Electoral Officer and Governor’s Order – Admissibility – Though administrative, admitted without objection and relied upon by both parties – Showed respondent was underage when appointed Minister – Respondent’s silence and non-denial amounted to acceptance – Could be considered with other evidence [Paras 48–51].

Constitutional Mandate – Article 173 – Court’s duty – Ensuring disqualified person does not occupy legislative office – While protecting sanctity of elections, courts must enforce constitutional bar rigorously – Respondent being under 25 years, election void [Paras 24–26, 80–82].

Final Decision – Appeal allowed – High Court judgment set aside – Respondent’s election from 181 Parbatta Assembly Constituency declared void – Matter intimated to Election Commission and Speaker of Bihar Legislative Assembly [Para 82].

Criminal Law – Murder – Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC – Conviction upheld – Eyewitness Rajesh (PW5) testified that Sunil caught hold of the deceased while co-accused Dharamvir inflicted knife blows – Testimony clear, cogent and trustworthy – Minor omissions or elaborations in deposition do not discredit prosecution case – Section 34 IPC attracted – Conviction and life sentence confirmed [Paras 2–5, 9–10].

Evidence – Sole Witness – Section 134 Evidence Act – Conviction permissible – Court reiterated rule in Vadivelu Thevar – Testimony of single witness can sustain conviction if wholly reliable – PW5’s evidence accepted as credible and corroborated in part by PW3 – Improvements not material; no contradiction fatal to prosecution [Paras 6–8].

Arms Act – Section 27 – Separate conviction of Dharamvir justified – Use of knife in assault established through eyewitness testimony – Sentence of three years RI with fine affirmed [Para 1, 9].

Appellate Review – Scope – Trial Court and High Court had carefully scrutinised eyewitness evidence and found it trustworthy – No reason for Supreme Court to interfere – Appeals dismissed [Paras 9–11].

Final Decision: Appeals dismissed – Conviction and sentences under Sections 302/34 IPC and Section 27 Arms Act affirmed.

Civil Law – Fraud on Court – Auction Sale Set Aside on Basis of Collusive Decree – Judgment Allowed – The appellant, an auction purchaser, challenged the setting aside of a confirmed sale on the basis of a partition decree obtained by fraud – The High Court had dismissed the appellant’s intervention on procedural grounds and refused to review its earlier order passed on the consent of parties – Held: The partition decree was vitiated by fraud, as it was obtained by suppressing material facts including the date of death of the original owner – Fraud vitiates all judicial acts and consent orders obtained thereby cannot affect third-party rights – Supreme Court allowed the appeals, set aside the High Court’s orders, and remitted the matter for fresh consideration [Paras 1–3, 8–11, 35, 36, 45].

Fraud on Court – Collusive Partition Decree – Nullity in Law – The partition decree relied upon by the respondents was based on false assertions regarding inheritance rights, ignoring that the father had died before the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 – Held: Preliminary decree obtained in the partition suit was fraudulent and collusive, and the final decree proceedings were void – Fraud vitiates all judicial proceedings irrespective of procedural compliance [Paras 8, 15–21, 24–27].

Auction Sale – Rights of Bona Fide Purchaser – Cannot Be Overridden by Consent Decree – The appellant purchased mortgaged land in court auction after a decree in the Bank’s favour – High Court modified the decree in a consent order without considering appellant’s rights – Held: Consent decree in appeal cannot override rights of a third party who was not party to the compromise – High Court erred in failing to protect bona fide purchaser [Paras 4, 6, 36–37].

Inherent Powers – Section 151 CPC – Application Maintainable in Case of Fraud – The High Court rejected appellant’s application under Order 26 and Order 20 CPC as not maintainable – Held: Where allegations of fraud are made, courts are empowered under Section 151 CPC to act to prevent abuse of process – Procedural objections cannot defeat substantive justice in cases involving fraud [Paras 32–34].

Suppression of Facts – Review of Consent Order Justified – Appellant’s review application pointed out suppression of the court-confirmed auction – High Court dismissed it without examining the merit of suppression – Held: Courts have inherent power to recall orders obtained by fraud – Suppression of auction proceedings was a material non-disclosure and warranted review [Paras 10, 29–31, 36–37].

Equitable Relief – Fraud Defeats Res Judicata – Adjustment of Equities Required – Fraud on court renders even solemn proceedings void – Held: Principles of res judicata and finality of litigation cannot be used to shield fraudulent outcomes – High Court failed to consider the doctrine of actus curiae neminem gravabit and unjust enrichment by the Bank – Remand for equitable reconsideration justified [Paras 27–28, 35, 41–44].

Final Decision – Appeals Allowed – High Court Orders Set Aside – Supreme Court held that both the order refusing intervention and the rejection of the review petition suffered from failure to consider fraud, third-party rights, and inherent powers of court – Appeals allowed – Matter remanded to the High Court for reconsideration on merits [Para 45].

Service Law – Writ - Seniority – OAS Class II – Validity of “year of allotment” principle – Constitutionality of Section 2 of 1992 Validation Amendment Act upheld – Held: “Year of allotment” is a settled rule of seniority through long-standing practice, recognised by 1959 Rules and earlier judicial pronouncements; cannot be unsettled unless unworkable or arbitrary – Direct recruits of 1973 rightly deemed senior to merger recruits absorbed on 21.12.1973 [Paras 5–8, 22–24, 28–29, 41–42, 47].

Merger of Services – OSAS with OAS Class II – Effect – Merger did not repeal or nullify Recruitment Rules of 1959 – Only promotional source from OSAS ceased; other modes of recruitment (transfer, selection, etc.) remained – Mergerists formed a distinct class, not “promotees” under Rules – Their seniority cannot override direct recruits governed by “year of allotment” [Paras 17–22, 29–33].

Legal Fiction – Year of Allotment – Vacancies identified in 1973 deemed to belong to that year, even if appointments made in 1975 – Once legal fiction created, its consequences must be given full effect – Direct recruits of 1973 deemed appointed before merger, hence senior to mergerists [Paras 23, 38–41].

Legislation – Validity of 1992 Amendment – Aim was to implement Supreme Court’s directions in Nityananda Kar – Struck a balance between mergerists and direct recruits – Seniority not a fundamental right; only a civil right – Legislature competent to alter or divest such rights even retrospectively – Act not violative of Article 14; hardship to some cannot invalidate a valid statute [Paras 33–35, 43–45, 47].

Earlier Case Law – Ananta Kumar Bose (Orissa FB) and Nityananda Kar (SC, 3-Judge) accepted as binding – Doctrine of res judicata and principle of finality of service law disputes emphasised – Roshan Lal Tandon case distinguished: there both promotees and direct recruits were governed by one rule, unlike present case [Paras 7–10, 25–26, 46].

Final Decision – Section 2 of Orissa Administrative Service, Class II (Appointment of Officers Validation) Amendment Act, 1992 upheld – Writ petition and appeal dismissed – No order as to costs [Paras 47–48].

Taxation Law - Freedom of Trade and Entry Tax – Constitutional Validity of Haryana Local Area Development Tax Act, 2000 – Article 301 and 304 – Reference to Constitution Bench – Appellants, industrial units in Haryana, challenged levy of entry tax under the Act as violative of Article 301, contending it imposed restriction on inter-state trade and was not protected under Article 304 – Act levied tax on entry of goods into local areas, revenue to be distributed among local bodies for “development of local areas” under Section 22 – Held: Precedents on compensatory tax concept inconsistent, particularly Bhagat Ram and Bihar Chamber of Commerce deviating from earlier decisions (Atiabari Tea, Automobile Transport, G.K. Krishnan etc.) – Compensatory tax must have nexus with trading facilities, not general revenue purposes – Since scope of “compensatory tax” blurred, issue requires authoritative pronouncement – Matters referred to Constitution Bench under Article 145(3) [Paras 2–27].

Compensatory Tax – Evolution of Concept – Distinction – Earlier rulings held compensatory levy must be commensurate with cost of facilities provided to traders (e.g., roads, transport infrastructure) – Later rulings expanded concept to include indirect or incidental benefits through developmental activities – Result: distinction between compensatory tax and general taxation diluted – Necessity for clarity through larger Bench [Paras 10–25].

Decision – Appeals and Special Leave Petitions allowed for reference – Constitutional validity of Act not decided by Division Bench – Questions on compensatory tax and validity of Haryana Local Area Development Tax Act, 2000 referred to Constitution Bench under Article 145(3) [Paras 26–27].