Facts:

Sheetal Shankar Salvi, the appellant, approached the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution of India seeking directions to allow her to undergo a medical termination of her pregnancy.

The petitioner was examined by a Medical Board, which diagnosed severe abnormalities in the fetus, including polyhydramnios, Arnold Chiari malformation Type 2, severe hydrocephalus, lumbosacral meningo myelocele, spina bifida, and tethered cord.

The Medical Board's report indicated no physical risk to the mother but noted her anxiety about the outcome of the pregnancy. It also stated that the fetus might be born alive and could survive for a variable period, albeit with severe physical and mental morbidity.

Issues:

Whether the petitioner should be permitted to undergo medical termination of her pregnancy given the diagnosed fetal abnormalities.

Whether the anxiety of the petitioner about the outcome of the pregnancy is a valid ground for permitting termination.

Held:

The court noted that there was no danger to the mother's life, and there was a possibility that the baby might be born alive, although with severe physical and mental morbidity. Therefore, it was deemed inappropriate in the interests of justice to permit the termination.

The court emphasized that the anxiety of the petitioner about the outcome of the pregnancy was not a sufficient ground for permitting termination.

Consequently, the court declined the prayer of the petitioners and dismissed the writ petition.

Facts:

The designated Judge of the High Court, while exercising power under Section 11(6) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, nominated an independent arbitrator instead of appointing the arbitrator as specified in the agreement for arbitration. The appellant, Union of India, challenged this decision.

Issues:

Whether the Chief Justice or designated Judge, while exercising power under Section 11(6) of the Act, is bound to nominate an arbitrator as specified in the agreement for arbitration.

Held:

The Court held that the Chief Justice or designated Judge, under Section 11(6) of the Act, has the discretion to nominate an independent arbitrator if circumstances warrant, while considering the qualifications prescribed in the arbitration agreement. The court emphasized that the appointment of an arbitrator should be done with due regard to qualifications and other aspects as required under Section 11(8) of the Act.

In this specific case, the court found that the agreement did not stipulate the appointment of a Railway Officer as the sole arbitrator. Thus, the designated Judge exercised his power in accordance with the agreement by nominating an independent arbitrator. Therefore, the court dismissed the appeal and the petition, with no order as to costs.

Facts:

Certain appointments to the post of Professor, Associate Professor, and Assistant Professor made by the appellant-Institute were subsequently cancelled by the Board of Management. The cancellation was based on a Status Report discussed in the Eighth Board Meeting, which was not provided to the affected teachers. The High Court set aside the decision of the Board, citing violations of natural justice.

Issues:

Whether the cancellation of appointments without providing the affected teachers with the Status Report and an opportunity to be heard violated the principles of natural justice.

Held:

The Court held that the appellant-Institute's decision to cancel appointments without providing the affected teachers with the Status Report and an opportunity for representation violated the principles of natural justice.

The Court directed the appellant-Institute to provide the Status Report to the affected teachers and allow them two weeks to make fresh representations. The Board was instructed to reconsider the appointments in accordance with the law, based on the representations provided.

The decisions made in subsequent Board Meetings were deemed unwarranted and set aside. The affected teachers were deemed to be in service until a fresh decision was taken by the Board.

The Court also addressed the issue of salary payment during the period of uncertainty. The contempt petitions and writ petitions were struck off from the file of the High Court. No costs were awarded.

Facts:

The appellant filed a complaint alleging offences under IPC and the SC/ST Act against the respondents.

The complaint led to the registration of an FIR and subsequent legal proceedings.

The respondents sought anticipatory bail, which was granted by the High Court.

The appellant appealed against the grant of anticipatory bail to the respondents.

Issues:

Whether the High Court was justified in granting anticipatory bail to the respondents in light of the offences alleged against them under the SC/ST Act.

Held:

The Court emphasized the social context and gravity of offences under the SC/ST Act, which led to the enactment of special provisions to prevent atrocities against SC/ST members.

It noted that derogatory language based on caste, such as calling someone 'Harijan' or 'Dhobi,' constitutes abusive language intended to insult and humiliate.

Quoting Section 18 of the SC/ST Act, the Court held that the provision creates a specific bar on the application of anticipatory bail under Section 438 of the CrPC for offences under the SC/ST Act.

The Court referred to precedent cases and upheld the findings of the lower courts regarding the prima facie case against the respondents.

Consequently, the Court set aside the High Court's order granting anticipatory bail to the respondents and directed them to surrender within four weeks to seek regular bail.

Facts:

The case revolves around the interpretation and application of Section 3A of the Central Excise Act, 1944, and Rules 96ZO(3) and 96ZP(3) of the Central Excise Rules, 1944. These provisions deal with the determination of Annual Capacity Production (ACP) of factories for the purpose of levy and collection of excise duty.

Issues:

Whether the provisions of Rule 96ZP(3) are compatible with Section 3A(4) of the Central Excise Act, 1944.

The validity and interpretation of Rule 96ZP(3) in comparison with Rule 96ZO(3).

The distinction between legal fiction and presumption in the interpretation of statutory provisions.

Held:

The court determined that Section 3A of the Central Excise Act, 1944, aims to address instances of duty evasion by deeming the ACP of a factory to be its annual production for the purpose of excise duty levy and collection.

Regarding the interpretation of legal fiction and presumption, the court clarified that Section 3A(2) creates a presumption rather than a legal fiction, and it allows the department to presume certain facts but doesn't create an artificial state of facts.

The court analyzed the provisions of Rules 96ZO(3) and 96ZP(3) and noted that both seek to eliminate the benefit of Section 3A(4) for assesses who opt for alternative procedures of duty levy and collection.

It was observed that the provisions of Rule 96ZP(3) limit the right of assesses to establish their actual production if they opt for the scheme under this rule, raising questions about its compatibility with Section 3A(4).

The court concluded that previous judgments on similar matters did not fully address the complexities and differences between the rules in question and referred the issue to a larger bench for further examination.

Facts:

The case involved the question of pensionary benefits for casual workers who obtain temporary status until their regular absorption into a post.

Issues:

Whether the entire service of a casual worker after obtaining temporary status should be reckoned for pensionary benefits or only 50% of such service.

The applicability of Rule 20 of the Railway Service (Pension) Rules, 1993, in cases where only temporary status is granted to casual workers without appointment against any post.

Held:

The Court held that only 50% of the period of service of a casual worker after attaining temporary status counts for pensionary benefits, as per Rule 31.

Rule 20 is not attracted in cases where only temporary status is granted to casual workers without appointment against any post.

The grant of temporary status of casual labor is not similar to appointment against a post and is covered by Rule 31, which specifies that half of the service paid from contingencies shall be taken into account for calculating pensionary benefits.

The judgment of the Delhi High Court, which held that the entire services of a casual laborer after obtaining temporary status should be reckoned for pensionary benefits, was set aside. Instead, half of the services should be reckoned as per Rule 31. However, the period of casual labor prior to the grant of temporary status must be counted to the extent of 50% for pensionary benefits.

Rule 107 empowers the Pension Sanctioning Authority to recommend for relaxation under deserving cases, providing flexibility in applying pension rules).

Decision: The Court allowed the appeals, setting aside the judgment of the Delhi High Court and clarifying the calculation of pensionary benefits for casual workers who obtain temporary status.

Facts:

The appellant, Bhagirath Agarwal, appealed against the order of the City Civil Court at Calcutta denying him interest for the arrears of rent in an Ejectment Suit.

The City Civil Court permitted the tenant, M/S Simplex Concrete and Piles (I) Pvt. Ltd. & Ors, to pay the arrears of rent in installments but denied interest to the landlord.

Issues:

Whether the appellant, as the landlord, is entitled to interest for the arrears of rent despite the tenant being permitted to pay in installments.

Whether the City Civil Court's discretion to deny interest was valid under the statutory provisions.

Held:

The Court held that the appellant was indeed entitled to interest for the arrears of rent under the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956. The Court emphasized that according to Section 17(2A) of the Act, when payment of rent, including arrears, is permitted to be paid in installments, the beneficiary (landlord) shall be granted interest. The entitlement to interest is statutory and not subject to the discretion of the court. Even if there are justifications or explanations for non-payment, the landlord is still entitled to interest.

The Court further noted that any claims regarding the landlord's refusal to provide amenities or expenses incurred for providing amenities could be considered for set off under Section 34 of the Act. However, since no such set off was granted by the trial court in this case, and the tenant was permitted to pay the dues in installments, the appellant was entitled to interest.

Therefore, the appeal was allowed, granting the appellant the right to interest under the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956. No costs were awarded to either party.

Facts:

The appellants, a mother and son, filed a suit for ejectment of two katras on the grounds of personal need before the Munsif Court, Patna City. The Trial Court decreed the suit in their favor.

Issues:

The respondents challenged the decree in revision before the High Court, arguing misjoinder of parties.

The High Court set aside the decree, contending that the suit was liable to be dismissed due to misjoinder of parties.

Held:

The Supreme Court referred to Section 99 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which prohibits the reversal or substantial variation of a decree on account of misjoinder or non-joinder of parties. The Court held that this provision applies to both appeals and revisions, as per Section 141 of the CPC.

Therefore, the judgment and decree of the Trial Court were restored, and the judgment of the High Court was set aside. The appellants were granted time until September 30, 2017, to surrender vacant possession of the property, subject to filing a usual undertaking within six weeks. If the undertaking was not filed, the respondents would not be entitled to the extension of time for surrendering vacant possession.

The Court disposed of any pending applications and declared that there would be no orders as to costs.

Facts:

The appellants, Pranay Kumar Podder, challenged their ineligibility for admission to MBBS courses due to partial color blindness. The High Court of Tripura upheld the recommendations of the Medical Council of India (MCI), which emphasized the necessity of normal color vision for medical education and practice.

Issues:

Whether candidates with color vision deficiency (CVD) can be deemed ineligible for admission to medical courses.

The extent to which international practices and principles of equality and non-discrimination apply to the issue.

Held:

The Supreme Court acknowledged the importance of adequate color vision for certain aspects of medical practice but also considered principles of equality and non-discrimination for persons with disabilities.

The Court directed the MCI to constitute an expert committee to comprehensively review the issue, including international practices, diagnostic tests, prosthetic aids, and suitable areas of practice for individuals with CVD in the medical field. The committee was given a deadline to submit its report to the Court. The case was scheduled for further hearing after the submission of the expert committee's report.