Insolvency Law – IBC - Moratorium under Section 14 – Scope – Corporate debtor (developer) failed to commence or complete redevelopment project despite multiple extensions – Society terminated the Development Agreement and executed new agreement with another developer prior to initiation of second CIRP – Held: Section 14 does not protect development rights already terminated before CIRP – Such terminated contractual rights do not constitute “assets” under IBC [Paras 16.4–16.12, 21(ii)]

Termination of Development Agreement – Legality – Agreement dated 16.10.2005 and Supplementary Agreements of 2005 and 2014 terminated by society citing prolonged defaults in performance, including failure to pay rent, non-demolition and non-construction – Termination effected by notices in 2019 and 2021 – Held: Termination was lawful, not related to insolvency, and fell outside NCLT jurisdiction under Section 60(5)(c) – IBC cannot protect commercial indolence in projects of public welfare [Paras 15–15.14, 21(i)]

Urban Redevelopment – Nature of Rights – Developer under slum redevelopment does not acquire possessory or proprietary interest unless stipulated – Held: Appellant was a mere licensee, had no physical possession – Development rights were conditional and executory – Not enforceable assets under Section 3(27) IBC – Moratorium under Section 14(1)(d) not attracted [Paras 15.10–15.13, 16.6–16.9]

Writ Jurisdiction – Maintainability during CIRP – High Court passed directions under Article 226 to statutory authorities to process redevelopment approvals for new developer – Held: Constitutional courts’ jurisdiction not ousted by IBC – Public law remedies can coexist with CIRP where no interference in NCLT domain – High Court rightly ensured statutory duties were discharged [Paras 17.1–17.8, 21(iii)]

Natural Justice – Allegation of Procedural Violation – Appellants alleged denial of fair opportunity before High Court – Held: Appellants were represented by counsel, no adjournment sought, no prejudice shown – Writ petition did not seek direct relief against appellants – Directions were procedural and administrative – No breach of audi alteram partem rule [Paras 18–18.10, 21(iv)]

Redevelopment and Social Welfare – Balancing of Equities – Developer’s delay and inaction caused hardship to lower-income society members awaiting rehabilitation – Held: IBC moratorium cannot be used to frustrate urban renewal or delay housing projects – Social welfare of citizens must prevail over defunct contractual claims – Constitutional promise of dignified housing must be honoured [Paras 23–23.3]

Precedents – Gujarat Urja, TCS Ltd., Embassy Property, Rajendra Bhutta – Considered – Held: Moratorium protects only existing, subsisting and enforceable rights – NCLT jurisdiction confined to cases where contract is central to corporate survival and termination is linked to insolvency – In present case, contract was not central and was terminated for cause [Paras 15.5–15.8, 16.6–16.9, 17.2]

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Termination of developer agreement upheld – Development rights not protected under IBC – High Court’s direction to authorities affirmed – Redevelopment to proceed as per directions – Appellants at liberty to pursue remedies for expenditure claims.

Criminal Law – Dowry Death – Cancellation of Bail – Respondent No. 1 (husband) accused of poisoning wife within four months of marriage after dowry harassment – Post-mortem showed ante-mortem abrasion and FSL confirmed aluminium phosphide poisoning – Dying declaration made to family members disclosed forcible administration of toxic substance – Held: High Court erred in granting bail without considering statutory presumption under Section 113B of the Evidence Act and gravity of offence – Bail order found to be perverse and legally unsustainable – Annulled by Supreme Court [Paras 1, 5–6, 12–17, 22–24].

Presumption under Section 113B Evidence Act – Applicability – Marriage took place on 22.02.2023, death occurred on 05.06.2023 – Evidence indicated cruelty and harassment soon before death – Prosecution’s burden to establish proximity and causal link satisfied – Statutory presumption of dowry death against accused attracted – High Court failed to apply mandatory presumption under Section 113B – Interference justified [Paras 17–20].

Bail Jurisprudence – Distinction between Grant and Cancellation – Annulment permissible where bail granted ignoring material facts or settled principles – Appellate court may interfere even without post-bail misconduct – Law laid down in State of Karnataka v. Sri Darshan, Puran v. Rambilas and Neeru Yadav v. State of U.P. followed – Personal liberty cannot override societal interest in serious offences like dowry death [Paras 11, 18].

Maintainability – Complainant’s Right to Challenge Bail – Appellant (father of deceased) held to have locus standi – Cited precedents R. Rathinam v. State and Brij Nandan Jaiswal v. Munna Jaiswal – Victim’s family may seek cancellation of bail even in absence of state appeal – Appeal maintainable [Paras 10–10.3].

Dowry Death – Societal Impact – Observations on the rising menace of dowry-related violence – Court noted misuse of marriage as a transactional arrangement and emphasized deterrent response to such gender-based offences – Judiciary cannot remain passive or lenient in face of institutional violence against women [Paras 25–25.3].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Bail granted to Respondent No. 1 by High Court cancelled – Respondent No. 1 directed to surrender forthwith – Trial to proceed independently and uninfluenced by this judgment.

Criminal Law – Dowry Death – Section 304B IPC – Acquittal – Accused convicted under Sections 304B and 498A IPC by Trial Court – Conviction upheld by High Court – Deceased wife and infant child found dead in well – Alleged demand for gold ring and chain at ‘Chhoochhak’ ceremony held as insufficient to constitute a "dowry demand" under Section 304B – Supreme Court held that demands made post-marriage and not in connection with the marriage do not qualify as dowry – Conviction under Section 304B set aside [Paras 7–7.2].

Criminal Law – Cruelty by Husband – Section 498A IPC – Conviction Sustained – Evidence of prosecution witnesses supported consistent ill-treatment and harassment of deceased by accused following unmet demand of gold – Sessions Court and High Court found ingredients of Section 498A proved – Supreme Court upheld conviction under Section 498A [Para 7.3].

Sentence – Imprisonment Already Undergone – Appellant had served more time in prison than imposed under Section 498A IPC – Fine already paid – Supreme Court held that further incarceration not warranted – Appeal partly allowed with conviction under Section 304B set aside and sentence under Section 498A treated as already undergone [Paras 8–9].

Decision: Appeal partly allowed – Conviction under Section 304B IPC set aside – Conviction under Section 498A IPC upheld – Sentence already undergone – No further imprisonment required.

Criminal Law – Murder Trial – Benefit of Doubt – Appellants convicted for murder based on statements of informant (PW-3) and deceased’s sisters (PW-1 and PW-2) alleging oral dying declaration – First information report dated 12 May 1990 (Fardbeyan) did not name the accused – Informant later filed embellished report naming appellants due to previous enmity over land acquisition employment – Prosecution failed to justify contradiction or explain delay in naming accused – Held: Fardbeyan was the true FIR and subsequent statement could not override it – Names of accused introduced belatedly – creates serious doubt [Paras 5-6, 24-35].

Criminal Procedure – Examination under Section 313 CrPC – Violation – Trial Court recorded only three generic questions – High Court failed to address this defect – Supreme Court held that the defective recording caused serious prejudice to the accused – omission to put specific incriminating circumstances undermines a fair trial – Remand not ordered due to long passage of time – Held: Trial vitiated due to violation of principles under Section 313 CrPC [Paras 18-23].

Evidence – Non-examination of Investigating Officer – Adverse Inference – Investigating Officer (ASI R. Paswan) recorded both FIRs but was not examined without explanation – Supreme Court held this withholding was deliberate – His testimony was crucial to explain discrepancies – Held: Adverse inference must be drawn against the prosecution [Paras 12, 25-30].

Evidence – Witness Credibility – Informant’s testimony inconsistent with FIR and Section 164 CrPC statements – Multiple improvements including alleged oral dying declaration introduced at different stages – Deceased’s sisters examined after 1.5 months and failed to inspire confidence – Medical evidence did not support ability of deceased to make any dying declaration – Held: Prosecution evidence wholly unreliable and inconsistent [Paras 30-45].

Defence Witnesses – Evidentiary Value – Defence examined two eyewitnesses (DW-1 and DW-2) named in prosecution’s own report – They did not implicate appellants and supported a different version – Courts below failed to consider their testimonies – Held: Defence version plausible – Appellants entitled to benefit of doubt [Paras 47-51].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Conviction and sentence set aside – Appellants acquitted – To be released forthwith if not wanted in any other case [Paras 52-53].

Criminal Law – Bail – Cancellation and Modification – Judicial Discipline – Finality of Orders – Appellant (accused in a murder case) sought modification of condition restricting him to city limits of Kolkata – Co-applicant sought cancellation of his bail alleging intimidation of witnesses and political interference – Court held that no breach of bail terms shown; cancellation unwarranted – Repeated modification petitions after earlier rejection viewed as forum-shopping – Held: Judicial orders must attain finality; bail conditions once upheld cannot be relaxed absent significant change in circumstances – Judicial discipline and certainty of verdicts must prevail [Paras 45–52].

Bail – Condition of Restricted Movement – Reasonableness under Article 21 – Restriction confining accused to Kolkata while on bail not unreasonable – Condition justified considering his influence, prior attempts to derail trial, and ongoing witness protection concerns – Held: Restriction serves public interest and fair-trial objective; liberty under Article 21 subject to procedural and societal safeguards [Paras 50–52].

Criminal Procedure – Cancellation of Bail – Political Patronage and Witness Intimidation Allegations – Complainant’s brother alleged that accused misused political clout, caused witnesses to turn hostile, and obtained undue police protection – Court observed irregularities in State conduct but found no conclusive evidence linking accused to witness tampering – Held: Mere apprehension insufficient; cancellation must rest on proof of breach or misuse of liberty [Paras 42–43].

Judicial Ethics – Finality of Verdicts – Consistency in Supreme Court Decisions – Court deprecated growing trend of reopening settled issues before differently constituted Benches – Emphasized that finality of decisions under Article 141 essential to preserve judicial authority and prevent endless litigation – Held: Later benches should defer to prior coordinate decisions unless glaring error warrants review or curative process [Paras 47–49].

Trial Practice – Role of Public Prosecutor – Sessions Court Criticism Quashed – Sessions Court’s remarks against Special Public Prosecutor for alleged laxity termed uncalled for and unjustified – Supreme Court expunged comments and reference to Legal Remembrancer – Directed prosecutor to continue trial with fairness and diligence – Held: Judicial officers must exercise restraint and avoid demoralizing remarks against prosecution unless warranted by record [Paras 61–67].

Directions: Application for cancellation of bail rejected – Application for modification of bail condition rejected – Adverse observations by Sessions Court against Special Public Prosecutor set aside – Sessions Court directed to conclude trial expeditiously but without undue haste or prejudice. [Paras 43, 52, 65–69].

Decision: Applications dismissed – Restriction on movement of accused to continue – Proceedings before Sessions Court to continue in accordance with law – Trial Court’s reference to Legal Remembrancer quashed.

Wildlife Law – Translocation of Captive Deer – Ecological and Welfare Standards – DDA’s decision to translocate approximately 600 spotted deer from A.N. Jha Deer Park, New Delhi, to Rajasthan and Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary upheld by the High Court – Petitioner (NGO) alleged violations of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 and IUCN guidelines – Supreme Court found chronic managerial lapses, expired zoo licence, and overcrowding at Deer Park but noted prima facie irregularities in translocation including transfer of pregnant and juvenile deer, overcrowded transport, lack of tagging, and absence of habitat feasibility study – Held: Translocation violated CZA and IUCN protocols – Independent scientific assessment required before further action [Paras 17–21].

Animal Welfare – Captive Management – Welfare safeguards under Section 38H of the Wild Life Act and National Zoo Policy, 1998 – Record revealed absence of sterilisation, inadequate veterinary infrastructure, and overcrowding leading to distress among deer – Held: Continued retention of all deer in park contrary to animal welfare; however, future relocation must be scientific and humane under CZA supervision [Paras 18–19].

Administrative Lapses – Failure of Oversight – Central Zoo Authority’s repeated extensions despite DDA’s non-compliance noted – Absence of pre-translocation genetic screening, veterinary certification, and post-release monitoring – Held: Authorities failed to apply due diligence; need for oversight by Central Empowered Committee (CEC) under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 [Paras 20–21].

Constitutional Law – Articles 48A, 51A(g), and 21 – Environmental protection and compassion for living creatures form part of constitutional duty – Held: Wildlife management must reflect ecological prudence, dignity of life, and intergenerational equity; conservation cannot be treated as administrative expediency [Paras 23–24].

Directions – Supreme Court directed:

(i) CEC to conduct on-ground survey of Deer Park and Rajasthan reserves (Ramgarh Vishdhari & Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserves) within 8 weeks and report on deer numbers, habitat suitability, and compliance with CZA/IUCN norms;

(ii) DDA to furnish land-use report and refrain from commercial use of park premises;

(iii) No further translocation of deer till further orders [Paras 22(A–G)].

Decision: Matter listed for monitoring; further translocation stayed; CEC and DDA to file compliance reports by March 2026 [Para 25].

Criminal Law – Rape of Minor – Sentence Modification – Appellant convicted under Section 376(3) IPC and Section 6 POCSO Act for sexual assault on a minor girl aged 15–16 years – Sentenced to life imprisonment till natural death by Trial Court – Conviction upheld by High Court – Supreme Court, while upholding conviction, modified sentence to 25 years of actual imprisonment without remission considering the appellant’s young age, lack of prior criminal record, and satisfactory jail conduct – Held: Court empowered to impose fixed-term sentence in place of natural life imprisonment under binding precedent [Paras 2-7].

Sentencing – Life Imprisonment – Scope of Judicial Discretion – Though offence was grave and against a minor, Court held that judicial discretion allows sentence to be tailored considering mitigating circumstances – Applied principle from Shiva Kumar @ Shiva @ Shivamurthy v. State of Karnataka – Sentence modified accordingly [Para 7].

Decision: Appeal partially allowed – Conviction upheld – Sentence of life imprisonment until natural death reduced to fixed term of 25 years of actual imprisonment without remission [Paras 7-8].

Civil Law – Execution Sale – Order XXI Rule 64 and 66 CPC – Executing court is under a statutory obligation to consider whether sale of a part of the property would satisfy the decree – High Court erred in invalidating the auction sale solely on the ground that such consideration was absent without examining if the ground was raised earlier – Held: Judgment debtors, having had full notice and opportunity, failed to raise the issue of partial sale before the sale proclamation – Hence, barred by Order XXI Rule 90(3) CPC from raising it post-sale [Paras 9, 10, 17-19] – High Court judgment set aside – Auction sale held on 12.09.2002 restored.

Execution Proceedings – Judgment Debtor’s Conduct – Repeated opportunities were granted and judgment debtors were aware of ongoing reduction of upset price – They chose not to contest the sale terms at relevant stages – Held: Once due notice was given and participation made, failure to raise objections amounts to acquiescence – Belated challenge under Rule 90 CPC is barred [Paras 13, 18].

Interpretation of CPC – Rule 90(3) – Bar against post-sale objections on pre-sale grounds – Judgment debtor cannot challenge sale on a ground that could have been taken before the proclamation of sale – High Court’s assumption that this bar does not affect the duty of executing court under Rule 64 CPC is erroneous – Held: Bar under Rule 90(3) is applicable in present facts [Paras 17-19].

Judicial Precedents – Ambati Narasayya and Takkaseela Pedda Subba Reddi – Held to apply to pre-1976 cases – In post-1976 cases, Desh Bandhu Gupta case applies – Absence of notice is crucial to invalidate sale – But if notice was given and judgment debtor took no action, Rule 90(3) bars challenge – Present case involved full notice and failure to act – Hence, bar under Rule 90(3) applies [Paras 11-13, 15, 17].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court’s order dated 10.02.2009 set aside – Orders of Executing Court dated 15.10.2004 and Appellate Court dated 13.07.2007 restored – Auction sale dated 12.09.2002 declared valid.

Criminal Law – Criminal Breach of Trust – Cheating – Quashment of Proceedings – Appellant, a former partner in a dissolved firm, sold property previously used by the firm to a third party – Respondent, a co-partner, filed a criminal complaint under Sections 406, 420 and 120B IPC alleging misappropriation and deceit – High Court refused to quash the complaint – Supreme Court held that mere sale of property after firm dissolution with mutual agreement does not constitute entrustment or dishonest misappropriation – No clear averments made in complaint on criminal intent or fraud at inception – Allegations failed to meet ingredients of Section 406 IPC [Paras 21–22].

Criminal Law – Cheating – Ingredients Not Made Out – Supreme Court held that criminal complaint lacked any material or allegations showing fraudulent or dishonest inducement at the time of partnership formation – Complaint did not disclose offence of cheating under Section 420 IPC – Mere breach of contract or civil wrong insufficient for invoking criminal prosecution [Paras 19–20].

Abuse of Criminal Process – Civil Dispute Given Criminal Colour – Complaint filed 16 years after alleged acts – Parallel civil suit already pending – Court held that continuation of criminal proceedings was an abuse of process and motivated by mala fide intent – Criminal law should not be used to settle civil or contractual disputes – Complaint quashed [Paras 24–27].

Quashing of Proceedings – Bhajan Lal Guidelines – Allegations did not disclose any offence even if taken at face value – Case squarely fell within illustrative categories laid down in State of Haryana vs. Bhajan Lal – Continuation of prosecution would amount to harassment and injustice [Paras 26–27].

Judicial Caution – Criminal Law Misuse – Citing Vishal Noble Singh v. State of U.P., Court reiterated the need for judicial vigilance against misuse of criminal justice system for private vendetta – Allegations unsupported by evidence strain judiciary and damage societal trust [Para 28].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Impugned order set aside – Complaint Case No. 3230c of 2013 and all consequent proceedings quashed.