Section 138 NI Act – Personal Criminal Liability of Director – Insolvency of Company No Bar – Appeals Dismissed – Appellant convicted for cheque dishonour and sentenced to two years imprisonment with ₹2.5 crore compensation – He claimed protection due to company liquidation and moratorium under IBC – Supreme Court held director’s criminal liability under NI Act is personal and survives insolvency proceedings of the company [Paras 1–19].

Moratorium Under IBC – Not Applicable to Penal Proceedings – Proceedings Under NI Act Permitted – Court affirmed ruling in Rakesh Bhanot vs. Gurdas Agro (P) Ltd., holding that IBC moratorium under Sections 96 and 101 is limited to debt recovery actions – Penal prosecutions like those under Section 138 NI Act continue unaffected by insolvency process [Paras 16–18].

Failure to Comply with Bail Condition – No Right to Hearing Without Deposit – Deposit Condition Upheld – Appellant failed to deposit 25% of cheque amount as required for suspension of sentence during revision – High Court recalled bail – Supreme Court upheld the condition and denied any protection from consequences [Paras 10–12, 20–22].

Relief – Final Opportunity to Comply – Conditional Protection from Arrest – Court granted final eight-week extension to deposit 25% of cheque amount – Failure to do so would expose appellant to custody; if deposited, High Court to hear revision on merits [Paras 20–24].
 

Service Law - Civil Services – Promotion to Chief Secretary Grade – Incomplete ACRs and Review Committee Assessment – Denial of Promotion Upheld – The appellant, a 1991-batch IAS officer, was denied promotion to the Chief Secretary grade on the ground of incomplete ACRs and adverse remarks – Held: Though considered as a ‘special case’ with less than 90% ACRs, Screening Committee found his record below noteworthy; Review Committee affirmed the decision based on absenteeism, poor leadership, and disciplinary concerns [Paras 1-10, 20-21].

Review of Promotion Denial – Scope and Legitimacy – No Illegality Found – The Review Committee did not expand beyond the Screening Committee’s reasoning but merely amplified it with supporting material including post-2016 conduct – Held: Prior adverse entries not relating to dishonesty are weak material post-promotion but can be reinforced by subsequent similar behavior – No case for procedural impropriety or mala fide made out [Paras 14-19, 22].

Screening Criteria – No Benchmark Required – Clause 7.2 of Guidelines – Appellant’s Argument Rejected – Held: Absence of benchmark does not render assessment arbitrary, especially where candidate was given special consideration despite incomplete ACRs – Screening was not vitiated by this reason [Para 23].

Judicial Interference – Wednesbury Principle – Not Attracted – The Court found that decisions of the Screening and Review Committees were based on objective evaluation, fairness, and relevant material – Held: No irrationality or mala fides – Appeal dismissed [Paras 24-25].

*Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Promotion Denial Upheld – The Supreme Court upheld the Review Committee’s decision rejecting promotion – Held: Screening Committee had rightly considered post-promotion conduct and incomplete ACRs – Appellant permitted by High Court to take steps for future reconsideration upon completion of ACRs, but no grounds for judicial interference presently exist [Paras 24-25].

Bail – Long Incarceration without Trial – Bail Granted – The petitioner had been in custody for over four years in a case involving charges under IPC and MCOCA – Only four of 67 prosecution witnesses had been examined – Supreme Court noted prolonged trial and granted bail subject to stringent conditions, without commenting on merits [Paras 6–9].

MCOCA Charges – Premeditated Crime and Alleged Syndicate Membership – Allegation Not Prejudged – State alleged petitioner was a contract killer within a crime syndicate led by co-accused Yogesh Sawant – Court refrained from expressing opinion on evidence while granting bail – Emphasised that framing of charges and partial trial progress warranted conditional release [Paras 3, 6, 9].

Conditions for Bail – Passport Surrender and Police Reporting – Compliance Mandated – Petitioner directed to deposit passport with Trial Court and report fortnightly to local police – Also mandated to attend all trial dates – Misuse of bail to attract cancellation [Paras 10–11].

Final Relief – Special Leave Petition Disposed – Bail Directed – The Court disposed of the SLP by granting conditional bail and warning of strict consequences in case of misuse or witness tampering [Paras 9–12].
 

Criminal Law – Quashing - Dowry Harassment – Quashing of Proceedings – Abuse of Process – FIR Quashed – Allegations against husband’s relatives found to be general, omnibus and lacking specific details – Appellants resided separately and had minimal contact with complainant – No mention of dates, acts of cruelty or evidence – Held: Criminal proceedings against distant relatives of husband without substantive allegations amounts to abuse of process and deserves to be quashed [Paras 7–12].

Judicial Precedent – Use of Family Member Implication Doctrine – Geeta Mehrotra & Dara Lakshmi Narayana Applied – Courts cautioned against prosecuting husband’s relatives without specific allegations – Appellants wrongly implicated in absence of proof of participation or presence – Held: Inclusion of family members merely due to relation violates due process and amounts to misuse of Section 498A IPC [Paras 9–12].

Section 482 Cr.P.C. – Preventing Abuse of Process – High Court Erred in Dismissing Quash Petition – Supreme Court exercised its inherent powers under Section 482 to prevent harassment of innocent parties – Held: FIR and proceedings in CC No. 359/2016 quashed against appellants [Paras 7, 12].

Service Law - Seniority – Date of Appointment v. Date of Selection – Partial Relief Granted – Appellants participated in 2003 judicial service exam and were appointed after a High Court order in 2012 – Though appointed in 2013, they claimed seniority over later batches – Held: They cannot claim seniority over those appointed before 2nd May 2012 (date of HC order), but are entitled to rank above officers appointed on 10th July 2012 due to State’s delay – Right to appointment accrued from judicial direction [Paras 9–16].

Delay in Implementation of Court Order – State Inaction Prejudicial to Appellants – Judicial Direction Binding – Though SLP filed by State was dismissed without stay, appointments were delayed – Held: State cannot benefit from inaction in implementing Court's order – Appellants should not suffer loss of seniority due to administrative delay [Paras 12–15].

Doctrine of Finality – No Challenge to 2012 HC Order – Scope Limited – Appellants bound by earlier High Court order stating seniority shall be reckoned from date of appointment – Held: Cannot reopen or seek general retrospective seniority beyond 2nd May 2012 – Challenge rightly confined to 2012 batch [Paras 8–11].

Decision: Appeal Partly Allowed – Seniority Directed over 2012 Batch – The Supreme Court directed that the appellants be shown senior to judicial officers appointed on 10th July 2012 – They were not entitled to seniority over candidates appointed prior to 2nd May 2012 – No costs awarded [Paras 16–17].

Criminal Procedure – Power of Court to Review Judgments – Section 362 Cr.P.C – Judgment Modification Not Permissible – High Court’s Correction Order Quashed - The High Court’s modification of its final judgment on grounds of “clerical error” was found to be impermissible under Section 362 Cr.P.C. – The Supreme Court held that once a judgment is signed, it cannot be altered or reviewed except to correct clerical or arithmetical errors – The changes made were substantive in nature and amounted to judicial review, not correction [Paras 9-20].

Appreciation of Evidence – Conviction Based on Eyewitness Testimony – Evidence Supported by Medical Reports – Conviction Under Section 302 IPC Upheld – The original conviction of the accused under Section 302 IPC was sustained by the trial court and affirmed by the High Court in its initial judgment – The SC noted that medical and ocular evidence corroborated each other and supported the conviction beyond reasonable doubt [Paras 11-12].

High Court Procedure – Correction Application Misused – Conversion to Section 304 Part II IPC Invalid – Held: Review of merits not allowed under correction mechanism – The High Court incorrectly treated substantive judicial reassessment as a clerical correction – Such review falls outside the ambit of Section 362 Cr.P.C and is ultra vires [Paras 13-20].

Final Decision – Supreme Court Sets Aside Modified Judgment – Appeals by Complainant Allowed – Original Conviction Restored – The apex court quashed the impugned correction judgment dated 08/02/2019 and restored the original judgment dated 21/05/2018 convicting the accused under Section 302 IPC – Directions issued for surrender and compliance [Paras 20-21].
 

Service Law - Disability Pension – Presumption in Favour of Serviceman – Rules 5, 9 and 14 of 1982 Rules – Orders Set Aside - Supreme Court held that under the entitlement rules, a person entering service is presumed medically fit unless a disability is recorded at the time of joining – Any subsequent disability leading to discharge must be presumed attributable to or aggravated by service unless cogent medical reasoning disproves the same – No such reasoning was provided by the Medical Board – Appellant’s invaliding on medical grounds automatically triggered presumption of service-related disability – Orders of Tribunal not sustainable [Paras 29, 32, 34-36, 43-45].

Disability Pension – Minimum Threshold – Applicability of Instructions dated 31.01.2001 and Letter dated 20.07.2006 – Relief Granted - Supreme Court ruled that the artificial threshold of 20% disability for pension entitlement was abrogated post 01.01.1996 – Persons invalided out with even 1% disability attributable to service are entitled to rounding off and 50% disability pension – Appellant’s disability assessed at 15–19% thus qualifies – Appellant granted 50% disability pension with interest from 01.01.1996 for life [Paras 19.4, 25, 40, 42].

Medical Board – Inadequacy in Reasoning – Failure to Justify Non-Attribution – Decision Reversed - The Invaliding Medical Board did not record any reasons as to why appellant's condition was not attributable to military service, despite clear presumption in favour of attribution – The Board’s conclusion contradicted Rule 14(b) which requires reasons if disease is claimed as non-detectable at induction – Tribunal’s reliance on such an opinion without scrutiny was legally erroneous [Paras 22, 46].

Decision – Impugned Tribunal Orders Set Aside – Disability Pension Allowed - Supreme Court allowed the appeals, set aside both Tribunal orders dated 26.02.2016 and 22.01.2018 – Directed Respondents to pay appellant disability pension at 50% from 01.01.1996 with 6% annual interest, within three months [Para 47-48].

Service Law - Leave Encashment – Re-employment After Superannuation – Interpretation of Leave Rules – Appeal Allowed – The respondent, a government servant, retired after attaining 58 years and was granted leave encashment for 300 days – He was re-employed and on relieving, was again granted leave encashment for another 300 days – The State later issued a clarification and withdrew the second benefit, prompting writ proceedings – Held: Rule 36 applies only to retirement from regular service and not re-employment; Rule 32, which treats re-employed officers as new appointees for leave purposes, does not entitle a second round of leave encashment under Rule 36 – High Court's interpretation allowing such benefit was erroneous – The clarification by the State was found to be consistent with the Leave Rules [Paras 19-24].

Principles of Leave Encashment – Public Service and Financial Prudence – Re-employment Benefit Disallowed – The Court underscored the importance of balancing individual employee rights with institutional and financial sustainability – Leave encashment is a welfare provision linked to service rendered without availing leave, not an entitlement during re-employment – Allowing multiple encashments would amount to unjust enrichment and strain public finances [Paras 25-29].

Natural Justice – Cancellation Without Hearing – Procedural Challenge Repelled – Although the respondent argued that the cancellation order was passed without notice, the Court held that no prejudice was caused as the claim lacked legal basis – Violation of natural justice was not established in the circumstances [Para 32].

Decision: The Supreme Court allowed the appeals, set aside the judgments of the learned Single Judge and the Division Bench of the High Court of Sikkim, and held that the respondent was not entitled to leave encashment for the period of re-employment beyond the first 300 days granted at the time of his initial retirement. No costs were awarded [Para 33].

Civil Law - Gift Deed – Validity under Muslim Law – Deed Upheld – A registered Gift Deed dated 26.04.1958 executed by the plaintiff’s grandfather was found to be valid under Mahomedan Law, where the grandfather transferred land to his grandson who otherwise would not have inherited – Delivery of possession was proven and misdescription of dag numbers held to be immaterial to the identity of the property – Held: Gift Deed valid, delivery of possession accepted through plaintiff’s mother [Paras 4(viii), 4(x), 4(xii), 4(xiii)].

Declaratory Relief – Necessity of Seeking Cancellation of Void Sale Deed – Not Mandatory – The High Court erred in holding that the plaintiff’s failure to seek cancellation of a subsequent sale deed disentitled him from obtaining declaration of title – Supreme Court clarified that a person not party to a void document (like the plaintiff here) need not seek its cancellation under Section 31 – Mere declaration of non-binding nature is sufficient [Paras 24–36].

Right to Seek Declaration – Plaintiff as Non-Executant – Legal Right Recognized – The plaintiff, not being party to the subsequent sale deed, was held entitled to a declaration of title and recovery of possession – Courts below rightly entertained suit without insistence on cancellation relief – Held: Declaration of title includes implicit negation of rights under void sale deed by third parties [Paras 34–37].

High Court Judgment – Improper Reversal – High Court concurred on validity of Gift Deed but reversed decree solely on technical omission – Supreme Court held that such omission did not defeat the suit and trial court findings should be restored – Appeal allowed, decree of trial court restored [Paras 36, 46].