Facts:

The petitioner, a Scientist at the Centre for DNA Finger Printing and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, filed a complaint alleging that he was induced into marriage with a woman from a lower caste. The respondents were accused of misrepresenting the woman's caste, leading to the marriage.

Issues:

Whether the High Court was justified in quashing the complaint (F.I.R.) after the charge-sheet had been submitted, and whether the interpretation of Section 415, IPC, by the High Court was accurate.

Held:

The petitioner's awareness of bio-diversity at the Cellular and Molecular level was emphasized by the court, stating that caste has no role in the field of Human Biotechnology.

The court expressed concern about the rise in matrimonial disputes and discouraged litigation, encouraging parties to settle disputes amicably.

The High Court's interpretation of Section 415, IPC, was found to be incorrect. The second part of Section 415 does not necessarily relate to property but involves intentional inducement causing harm in various aspects.

Considering the facts of the case, the court declined interference under Article 136 of the Constitution and dismissed the petition as without merit.

FACTS:

The appellant, V.P. Ahuja, was appointed as Chief Executive in the Establishment of Punjab Co-operative Cotton Marketing and Spinning Mills Federation Limited.

His appointment included a probation period of two years, during which the management had the right to terminate his services without notice.

The appellant's services were terminated on 2-12-1998, citing failure in the performance of duties administratively and technically.

ISSUES:

Whether the termination of services during the probation period without inquiry and without affording an opportunity is legal.

Whether a probationer is entitled to protection from arbitrary termination similar to a temporary employee.

HELD:

The court held that stigmatic termination during probation without inquiry and without affording any opportunity is illegal.

It was emphasized that a probationer, like a temporary employee, is entitled to certain protections from arbitrary termination of services.

The court rejected the argument that, being on probation, the appellant had no right to the post, stating that a probationer's services cannot be terminated arbitrarily or in a punitive manner without complying with the principles of natural justice.

Referring to a recent decision (Dipti Prakash Banerjee Vs. Satvendra Nath Bose National center for Basic Sciences, Calcutta and Others), the court reiterated that a probationer is entitled to protection, and the order terminating services should not be stigmatic without proper inquiry.

REFERRED CASES:

Dipti Prakash Banerjee Vs. Satvendra Nath Bose National center for Basic Sciences, Calcutta and Others, AIR 1999 SC 983 : (1999) 81 FLR 687 : (1999) 1 JT 396 : (1999) 1 SCALE 421 : (1999) 3 SCC 60 : (1999) SCC(L&S) 596 : (1999) 1 SCR 532 : (1999) AIRSCW 605 : (1999) 2 Supreme 34

Facts:

The case revolves around a bund known as 'thadaya varamba' situated in survey No. 183/4. The plaintiffs claim exclusive ownership, alleging trespass by the first defendant. Disputes arose over the bund's status and possession, leading to legal proceedings.

Issues:

Correctness of the description and boundaries in the plaint schedule.

Whether 'B' schedule property is part of the common bund mentioned in the plaint.

Verification of the alleged trespass.

Held:

The trial Court found the description in the plaint schedule to be correct. It concluded that 'B' schedule is part of the common bund in survey No. 183/4, and there was a trespass. The defendant was directed to reinstate the trespassed portion.

The first appellate Court, however, reversed this decision, citing adverse possession by the defendant and the plaintiffs' delayed suit. The High Court, taking a proactive stance, recognized a de facto division of the bund by the defendant and declared exclusive titles to respective portions to prevent future disputes.

Facts:

The suit for arrears of rent, ejectment, and damages against the appellant was decreed ex-parte on 10-3-1983.

The application for setting aside the ex-parte decree was dismissed by the Trial Judge on 14-5-1985.

Revision petition No. 73 of 1985 filed by the appellant was dismissed by the High Court on 23rd September 1999.

The appellant, an Assistant Engineer, and his counsel failed to appear due to genuine reasons - the appellant was sick and out of town, and the counsel's nephew had died in a road accident on the date of the hearing.

Issues:

Whether there was sufficient cause for the non-appearance of the appellant in the trial court when the ex-parte proceedings were initiated.

Whether the technical approach adopted by the courts was justified in this case.

Held:

Under Order 9, Rule 13, C.P.C., an ex parte decree can be set aside if the defendant shows 'sufficient cause' for non-appearance.

'Sufficient cause' must be liberally construed, and the courts have wide discretion to decide based on the peculiar facts and circumstances of each case.

The unrealistic and technical approach adopted by the courts prolonged the litigation unnecessarily for about 17 years.

The absence of the appellant and his counsel was due to genuine and unavoidable circumstances, and even if the appellant was found negligent, costs could have compensated the other side.

The Court sets aside the ex parte judgment and decree, directing the trial court to afford the appellant an opportunity to prove his case within a reasonable time.

Costs of Rs. 5,000/- are awarded to the other side.

FACTS:

The appellant, Rohini Prasad, contested a civil suit for possession of agricultural land and mesne profits filed by the respondent, Kasturchand. The High Court overturned the findings of the lower courts, declaring that Rohini Prasad did not acquire Bhumiswami rights under the Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code, 1959.

ISSUES:

Validity of the lease for agricultural land.

Interpretation of Section 168 of the Code regarding the duration of leases.

Rohini Prasad's claim to Bhumiswami rights.

Jurisdiction of the Civil Court in land possession disputes.

HELD:

The High Court found a misreading of evidence by the first Appellate Court, leading to a miscarriage of justice. It intervened to correct the error.

Rohini Prasad's claim of the lease being extended for the year 1976-77 was deemed incorrect. The High Court held that the lease had not been renewed.

The High Court affirmed the decree of the trial Court, directing Rohini Prasad to hand over vacant possession to Kasturchand.

The jurisdiction of the Civil Court in determining questions of title was upheld. The Full Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court had consistently ruled that title disputes were within the province of the Civil Court.

REFERRED CASES:

Ramgopal Kanhaiyalal Vs. Chetu Batte, AIR 1976 MP 160 : (1976) JLJ 278 : (1976) 21 MPLJ 325

Facts:

The suit filed in 1963 by the All India Shia Conference and others against the Andhra Pradesh Wakf Board.

Plaintiffs sought a declaration that certain institutions were wrongly classified as Sunni Wakfs instead of Shia Wakfs.

The Wakf Board contested the allegations.

Issues:

Whether the institutions were Shia Wakfs.

Impact of classification on Shia community's interests.

Validity of notices under Section 56 of the Muslim Wakfs Act.

Misjoinder of causes of action.

Limitation of the suit.

Held:

The trial court declared in favor of the plaintiffs, classifying the institutions as Shia Wakfs. The High Court affirmed this decision.

The High Court's declaration was vague and general, lacking evidence for each institution.

The court observed a need for further evidence to determine the nature of each institution—Shia or Sunni Wakf.

The case remanded to the High Court for fresh decision after receiving additional evidence.

High Court directed to pass an order under Order 41, Rule 28 C.P.C., instructing District Judges to receive additional evidence.

Decision: The appeal allowed, and the matter remitted to the High Court for a fresh decision after gathering additional evidence.

Facts:

Habibur Rehman sold a house to Mushir Mohammed Khan for Rs. 1,000, with a separate agreement for reconveyance if the amount was repaid within two years. The High Court treated it as a usufructuary mortgage, leading to a redemption suit.

Issues:

Whether the transaction amounted to a mortgage or mortgage by conditional sale. The presence of a reconveyance agreement complicated the classification.

Held:

The High Court erred in considering the transaction as a usufructuary mortgage without accounting for the agreement of reconveyance. The three documents together did not constitute a mortgage by conditional sale as the condition for repurchase was not in the sale deed.( Para 6)

The Proviso to Clause (c) of Section 58 was crucial. It was held that the documents couldn’t be a "mortgage by conditional sale" due to the absence of the condition in the sale deed itself.( Para 14)

The High Court neglected the agreement of reconveyance in its analysis. While usufructuary mortgages require possession to be delivered, an agreement for reconveyance is not typical in such transactions.( Para 16)

Considering the sale for a significantly lower value than the original purchase price raised questions. The court highlighted the potential exploitation of financial adversity in such transactions.( Para 20)

Given the lack of settlement between the parties, the court provided a window for redemption. The defendant had three months to pay Rs. 2 lakhs (including rent arrears), failing which the appeal would be dismissed with costs.( Para 23)

Facts:

The appellant, a member of the Indian Army, filed for divorce on grounds of desertion by the respondent. The Family Court granted the divorce, but during the divorce proceedings, the respondent filed for maintenance under Section 125 of the CrPC.

Issues:

Whether a divorced woman, after a decree on grounds of desertion, is entitled to maintenance under Section 125, CrPC.

The applicability of Section 125(4) regarding maintenance and its conditions.

Held:

The provisions of Section 125(4) presuppose the existence of matrimonial relations. Adultery, refusal to live together without sufficient reason, or living separately by mutual consent are conditions applicable when the marriage is subsisting. Adultery implies the existence of marriage.( Para 6)

Despite the divorce, the respondent continues to be a "wife" for the limited purpose of claiming Maintenance Allowance under Explanation (b) to Sub-section (1) of Section 125, CrPC. A divorced woman, if unable to maintain herself and not remarried, is entitled to Maintenance Allowance.( Para 8)

A divorced woman has two distinct rights for maintenance. As a wife, she is entitled to maintenance unless she suffers from any of the disabilities indicated in Section 125(4). As a divorced woman, she can claim maintenance from her ex-husband. The obligation to provide maintenance continues post-divorce.( Para 10)

The application for maintenance filed during the divorce proceedings may not be applicable for the period prior to the passing of the divorce decree. However, the Court is inclined not to interfere in this specific short period.( Para 11)

Facts:

The appellant, a textile manufacturing company, imported cloth pieces of 100 meters length into the octroi limits of Nadiad town. These cloth pieces were subsequently cut into smaller sizes within the octroi limits and then exported.

Issues:

Whether octroi duty is applicable to cloth pieces brought into the octroi area, cut into smaller pieces, and exported.

Held:

The legal provisions state that octroi duty is leviable when goods are brought into the octroi area for consumption, use, or sale, not merely for physical entry.

Consumption and use involve the conversion of the commodity into a different commercial commodity through processing.

Cutting cloth pieces into smaller sizes, in this case, did not result in the production of a commercially different article; hence, it did not constitute consumption or use within the octroi limits.

Referring to precedents, the Court emphasized that for octroi to be applicable, there must be a transformation leading to a different commercial product.

The High Court's error was noted in concluding that cutting cloth added utility, as it failed to recognize that no commercially different article was produced by the cutting process.