Civil Law - Garnishee Proceedings - Code of Civil Procedure 1908 - Order XXI Rule 46C - Scope of summary adjudication - Appellant challenged the attachment of debt arguing that the amount was a mobilization advance subject to forfeiture under specific clauses of an MOU and that no debt had crystallized in the absence of a formal demand or arbitration - Trial Court allowed attachment - High Court observed that Order XXI Rule 46C permits the trial of disputed questions and noted that Appellant failed to lead evidence before the trial court - Held - Appellate court cannot entertain pleas regarding evidence when the party had the opportunity but failed to lead such evidence in the primary court - Appeal dismissed - [Paras 1-10].

Civil Law - Appellate Jurisdiction - Code of Civil Procedure 1908 - Failure to lead evidence - Appellant sought to dispute the nature of debt based on contractual interpretations - Court noted that the Appellant elected not to lead evidence before the trial court despite the opportunity - Held - relying on the ratio in Union of India vs. Ibrahim Uddin that a party failing to lead evidence in the first instance cannot raise such plea in appeal - [Paras 5-7].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Impugned order affirmed – Interim Application disposed

Criminal Law - Anticipatory Bail - Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 - Section 482 - Pre-arrest bail refused - Petitioner accused of misappropriating a vehicle obtained under the guise of medical emergency and subsequently committing theft - Investigation reveals premeditated criminal act and failure to recover the subject vehicle - High Court held that pre-arrest bail cannot be granted as a matter of course and extraordinary jurisdiction is not to be invoked when serious overt acts are attributed to the accused and custodial interrogation is required - Application disposed of with directions to surrender - [Paras 1-7].

Criminal Law - Investigation - Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 - Section 482 - Custodial Interrogation - Recovery of stolen property - Accused sought pre-arrest bail claiming false implication - Prosecution contended that the vehicle remained unrecovered and release would hamper investigation - Court observed that the nature of the accusation was serious and the prima facie evidence suggested a pre-planned act of deception - Held - Judicial discretion must prioritize the interests of investigation when the core evidence remains unrecovered - [Paras 5-6].

Decision: Bail application dismissed - Petitioner directed to surrender before the Investigating Officer within one week for interrogation - Jurisdictional court directed to consider any subsequent regular bail application on the same day if moved upon arrest - [Para 7].

Civil Law - Arbitration - Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 - Section 34 - Scope of judicial review - District Court set aside award by re-appreciating expert report and considering documents not on arbitral record - Held - Court under Section 34 cannot sit in appeal or substitute its own assessment of evidence for that of the Arbitrator - Arbitrator is the master of quality and quantity of evidence - Impugned judgment set aside for exceeding limited scope of review - [Paras 31-35].

Civil Law - Arbitration - Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 - Section 28 - Patent illegality - Arbitrator treated MOU as conventional works contract despite blank clauses regarding pricing and failed to examine if terms of contract were met - Award failed to provide reasons for ignoring contractual terms - Held - Award is patently illegal and violates fundamental policy of law for lack of proper reasoning and non-adherence to contract terms - [Paras 40-41].

Civil Law - Damages - Indian Contract Act 1872 - Section 73 - Loss of profit - Arbitrator awarded 15 percent of unexecuted value as profit without evidence of market rates or demand for stalls - Held - Damages must be based on material showing actual loss and are not automatic in works contracts - Expectation damages require proof of actual profit that would have been earned - [Paras 43-44].

Civil Law - Arbitration - Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 - Section 31 - Reasoned award - Arbitrator awarded sums based on presumption without evidence and operative part contradicted findings in the body - Held - Award is not intelligible or properly reasoned and thus fails the test of a valid arbitral award - [Paras 46-48].

Decision: Appeal allowed in part – The judgment of the District Judge set aside for overstepping jurisdiction – The Arbitral Award dated 14th February 2014 set aside due to patent illegality and lack of evidentiary basis for damages – The interim award of Rs 15,00,000 paid by consent remains unaffected.

Criminal Law - Cruelty and Abetment of Suicide - Indian Penal Code 1860 - Sections 498-A and 306 - Appellant-husband convicted while co-accused family members were acquitted by Trial Court on same set of evidence - Prosecution alleged demand of Rs 1,00,000 for clothes shop leading to mental and physical harassment - Witnesses i.e. parents and neighbours provided inconsistent accounts regarding nature of cruelty and timeline of demands - Evidence relied upon by Trial Court was based on assumptions and presumptions rather than concrete proof of abetment - Principle of parity dictates that when evidence is identical against multiple accused, discriminatory conviction cannot be sustained - Held - Conviction of appellant-husband is unsustainable in law - Appeal allowed and appellant acquitted - [Paras 10-19].

Criminal Law - Principle of Parity - Sentencing and Conviction - When evidence against multiple accused is identical or similar - The Court cannot convict one accused while acquitting others based on the same set of evidence - Distinction between accused under such circumstances constitutes discrimination - Held - Conviction based on such unequal application of evidence cannot be upheld - [Paras 17-18].

Criminal Law - Abetment of Suicide - Indian Penal Code 1860 - Section 306 - Essential ingredients - Prosecution must prove direct or indirect act of abetment causing suicide - Mere vague allegations of harassment or internal quarrels without proximity to the date of incident are insufficient to prove guilt - Held - Prosecution failed to establish the ingredients of abetment beyond reasonable doubt - [Paras 13-16].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Judgment and order of conviction under Sections 498-A and 306 IPC quashed and set aside – Appellant acquitted – Bail bonds cancelled.

Service Law - Recruitment - Motor Vehicles Act 1988 - Section 213 - Work experience requirement - Recruitment notification 2016 required one year experience in repair of LMV, HGV and HPV fitted with petrol and diesel engines - Authorities rejected candidatures for lack of experience in petrol engine HGV/HPV - Court held that since such vehicles do not exist, the requirement is impossible to perform - Applying the doctrine of lex non cogit ad impossibilia, the court ruled that candidates cannot be disqualified for failing to meet a standard that is impossible to satisfy - Held - Authority directed to issue appointment orders to candidates fulfilling other criteria - [Paras 6-16].

Service Law - Recruitment - Cadre and Recruitment Rules 2013 - Aggregate experience - Candidates sought to aggregate experience from multiple workshops to satisfy the one-year requirement - Authorities contended for strict individual category compliance - Court held that the rules do not mandate one year of experience for each specific category individually but rather an aggregate of one year in a workshop handling the specified types of vehicles - Held - Combined experience across different workshops is sufficient if it meets the one-year threshold - [Paras 4-12].

Service Law - Judicial Review - Doctrine of Impossibility - Administrative arbitrariness - Authorities accepted fake certificates claiming experience with non-existent petrol-engine HGVs/HPVs while rejecting honest candidates who admitted the reality of the technology - Court termed this a travesty of justice - Held - Rejection of candidature on grounds of lack of experience in non-existent vehicle technology is unreasonable and illegal - [Paras 14-16].

Decision: Writ Petition filed by the State dismissed – Connected petitions filed by candidates allowed – Respondent authorities directed to issue appointment orders within two months with seniority benefits.

Civil Law - Waqf Property - Waqf Act 1995 - Section 83 - Interrogatories - Applicants challenged an order of the State Waqf Board alleging non-compliance with mandatory procedures under Sections 4, 5 and 6 of the Waqf Act - Applicants sought leave under Order XI Rule 1 CPC to deliver interrogatories to the Board to prove procedural lapses - The Board contended that interrogatories are not applicable to original applications before the Tribunal and are premature - The High Court held that the Waqf Tribunal is a civil court under Section 83(5) of the Act and possesses the same powers as a civil court under the CPC - The power to order discovery and interrogatories under Section 30 CPC and Order XI is exercisable by the Tribunal to ensure fair adjudication - Appeal dismissed as the interrogatories were found relevant and necessary for the dispute - [Paras 1-34].

Civil Law - Procedure - Code of Civil Procedure 1908 - Section 30 and Order XI Rule 1 - Interrogatories - Applicability in Tribunal proceedings - Tribunal exercises powers of a civil court while trying a suit or executing a decree - Interrogatories may be administered to obtain admissions and shorten litigation - Court emphasized that power to serve interrogatories is not to be confined within narrow technical limits and should be used liberally to serve the interest of justice - Held - Waqf Tribunal has jurisdiction to allow interrogatories if they are relevant to the matters in question and not vexatious - [Paras 17-30].

Decision: Appeals dismissed – Appellant directed to answer interrogatories within one month from the date of receipt of the judgment.

Civil Law - Declaratory Suit - Specific Relief Act 1963 - Section 34 - Maintainability of suit for declaration - Plaintiff filed a suit seeking declaration of status of defendants without seeking consequential relief regarding the mutation entries which were challenged as illegal - Held - Suit as framed is barred by the proviso to Section 34 of the Specific Relief Act 1963 as it seeks a mere declaration while omitting to claim essential consequential relief regarding the property - [Paras 23-34].

Evidence Law - Relevance of Criminal Proceedings in Civil Suit - Indian Evidence Act 1872 - Section 33 - Admissibility - Trial Court relied on a summary judgment under Section 488 CrPC to determine civil status and legitimacy - Held - Findings in summary proceedings under Section 488 CrPC are not conclusive in a regular civil suit for declaration and cannot substitute the requirement for independent evidence where the parties are different and conditions of Section 33 are not met - [Paras 46-53].

Civil Law - Status and Legitimacy - Indian Evidence Act 1872 - Section 112 - Presumption of legitimacy - Plaintiff sought declaration of illegitimacy based on alleged illicit relationship of the mother - Held - Mere allegations of illicit relationship are insufficient to displace the statutory presumption of legitimacy under Section 112 of the Evidence Act unless the plaintiff proves non-access at the relevant time by cogent and independent evidence - [Paras 39-45].

Civil Law - Status of Widow - Legal character - Once the marriage and death of a husband are admitted - The status of widow follows as a legal consequence - Held - Such status cannot be extinguished or displaced in a civil suit merely on the basis of allegations of subsequent illicit relationship without proving a legally recognised ground for such cessation - [Paras 36-38].

Decision: Appeal allowed - Judgment and decree of the Trial Court set aside - Original Suit No. 491 of 1988 dismissed.

Civil Law - Motor Accident Claims - Motor Vehicles Act 1988 - Enhancement of Compensation - Tribunal awarded Rs 3,94,490 for grievous injuries involving multiple fractures and seven surgeries - Claimant challenged assessment of income and failure to account for future prospects - High Court re-evaluated evidence of medical disability and loss of earning capacity - Court applied multiplier method and included 40 percent towards future prospects in line with Pranay Sethi - Enhanced compensation to Rs 9,68,700 holding that tribunal erred in fixing daily wages at a nominal rate and failing to award adequate non-pecuniary damages - Held - Appeal allowed - [Paras 1-13].

Civil Law - Motor Accident Claims - Evidence - Burden of Proof - Respondent failed to examine driver of offending vehicle despite being best person to testify - Absence of rebuttal evidence and reliance on police charge sheet - Held - Evidence of claimant supported by First Information Report and Charge Sheet sufficient to establish rash and negligent driving - [Para 10].

Civil Law - Quantum of Compensation - Future Prospects - Permanent Disability - Determination of just compensation - Court reaffirmed that tribunals must award adequate compensation for physical injury, loss of earning capacity and inability to lead a normal life - Held - Compensation for pain and suffering, loss of amenities and attendant charges must be assessed based on societal circumstances rather than strict mathematical formulae - [Para 11].

Decision: Appeal allowed - Compensation enhanced from Rs 3,94,490 to Rs 9,68,700 with interest at 7.5% per annum - Respondents directed to deposit balance within one month.

Writ Law - Educational Institutions - Constitution of India 1950 - Article 226 - Examination schedule - Petitioner denied permission to appear for final BDS examination due to expiry of 8-year course completion limit - University failed to conduct supplementary examinations in 2025 as per academic calendar - Court noted that petitioner had cleared all subjects except one and the delay in examination schedule contributed to the expiry of the course duration - Held - As a one-time measure and due to the university's lapses in maintaining the academic schedule the petitioner is permitted to appear for the examination - This order is based on peculiar facts and shall not be treated as a precedent - [Paras 10-14].

Writ Law - Judicial Precedents - Constitution of India 1950 - Article 226 - Distinction of judgments - Respondent relied on Siddanth Mahajan vs State of Rajasthan regarding BDS course regulations - Held - Supreme Court judgment did not address the issue of university delay in conducting examinations contrary to the academic calendar - Therefore the present case is distinguishable and relief granted - [Paras 13-14].

Decision: Writ petition disposed of – Respondents directed to permit the petitioner to appear for the theory and practical examination in the subject of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology in the October/November 2026 session – No costs