Caste Claim – Rejection for Lack of Evidence – Validity Upheld – Petitioner’s claim for belonging to "Mana" Scheduled Tribe was rejected due to discrepancies in ancestral records – Vigilance Cell report found tampered documents wherein "Mani" was altered to "Mana" – Court upheld Committee’s rejection, emphasizing the probative value of pre-Constitutional records over recent documents [Paras 18-20].

Probative Value of Historical Documents – Section 8 of Act of 2000 – Documents from 1918-1944 revealed caste entries as "Mani/Mane/Malgujar" for the petitioner’s ancestors – Court observed these older documents hold higher probative value than subsequent manipulated documents – Petitioner failed to rebut these findings satisfactorily [Paras 21-23].

Precedent – Scope of Entry No. 18 in Presidential (ST) Order 1950 – Citing Maroti Vyankati Gaikwad v. Deputy Director (2023), Court held "Mana" Scheduled Tribe must be read strictly and does not encompass sub-tribes like "Mani" or "Mane" – Petitioner’s reliance on Priya Gajbe v. State of Maharashtra rejected as factual context differed significantly [Paras 24-27].

Validity Certificates of Relatives – Lack of Evidentiary Weight – Petitioner relied on 12 caste validity certificates issued to relatives – Court noted these were obtained through fabricated or incomplete documentation and lacked affidavits establishing blood relations – Committee was justified in discarding them [Paras 28-29].

Decision:  The writ petition was dismissed. The Court upheld the findings of the Scheduled Tribe Caste Certificate Scrutiny Committee that the petitioner failed to demonstrate belonging to the "Mana" Scheduled Tribe. It directed that the fabricated caste validity certificates issued to the petitioner’s relatives be reviewed afresh.
 

Writ Jurisdiction – Judicial Orders of Civil Courts – Scope Under Articles 226 and 227 Distinguished – Petitioners challenged rejection of an amendment application by a civil court under Article 226 – Court clarified that judicial orders of civil courts are not amenable to writ jurisdiction under Article 226 but can be reviewed under Article 227, as reiterated in Radhey Shyam v. Chhabi Nath – Held: Petitioners to convert writ petition into a Civil Miscellaneous Petition under Article 227 [Paras 2, 10-18].

Rejection of Amendment Application – No Interference Without Manifest Injustice – The Trial Court rejected an amendment application under Order VI Rule 17 CPC, citing lack of diligence and potential prejudice to the respondents – Court observed that amendment applications in pending suits require strict scrutiny to prevent procedural abuse – Held: Trial Court’s rejection did not disclose any patent error or perversity warranting interference [Para 19].

Procedural Reforms – High Court Rules Amended Post Supreme Court’s Clarification – Court noted amendments to Patna High Court rules aligning with Supreme Court decisions, directing petitions challenging civil court orders to be filed under Article 227 as Civil Miscellaneous Petitions – Registry directed to facilitate conversion and prioritization of the case [Paras 20-22].

Judicial Discipline – Avoidance of Overreach in Writ Jurisdiction – Citing Shalini Shyam Shetty v. Rajendra Shankar Patil, the Court underscored that routine interference in property disputes through writ jurisdiction undermines the administration of justice – Held: High Courts must exercise restraint in such cases unless significant statutory violations are evident [Paras 17-18].

Decision: The Court granted the petitioners four weeks to convert the writ petition into a Civil Miscellaneous Petition under Article 227. The registry was directed to prioritize the listing of the case, considering its pendency for over ten years.
 

Bail – Mental Illness – Schizophrenia – Granted – Application for bail by the accused charged under Sections 302/201 IPC for the murder of her three-month-old son – Medical reports confirmed the applicant suffers from schizophrenia – Court considered that the accused is a woman, sick, and infirm under Section 437 CrPC – Observed: Keeping the accused in custody serves no purpose when material witnesses have been examined and no motive or past hostility exists – Bail granted [Paras 10-13, 18].

Mens Rea – Relevance of Mental Condition – Section 84 IPC – Defense argued that schizophrenia negates mens rea and the accused’s actions were due to unsoundness of mind – Court acknowledged the availability of this defense during trial but highlighted the absence of logical or probable motive in the murder, bolstering the inference of diminished responsibility [Paras 6-9].

Witness Credibility – Hostile Witness – Impact on Bail – The complainant, who is the brother of the applicant, turned hostile – Court noted that evidence appreciation is for the trial, but this factor strengthens the bail plea – Held: No purpose is served by continued custody when evidence evaluation will occur during trial [Paras 15-16].

Conditions for Bail – Monitoring Mental Health – While granting bail, the court mandated monthly examinations of the applicant by the Medical Board at Psychiatric Disease Hospital, Jammu – Held: Trial court to ensure hospital/mental asylum treatment if future medical reports warrant such intervention [Para 19].

Decision:

The bail application was allowed. The applicant was directed to be released on bail under the following conditions:

The father of the applicant, who filed the bail application, to stand as surety for ₹50,000/- and the applicant to furnish a personal bond of like amount before the trial court.

The applicant’s father to ensure her presence in court on hearing dates unless otherwise directed.

Monthly medical evaluations of the applicant’s behavior to be conducted by a Medical Board at Psychiatric Disease Hospital, Jammu.

The trial court to pass orders for hospital or asylum care if medical reports indicate such a requirement.

No costs were awarded, and pending petitions were disposed of.

Income Tax – Penalty Proceedings – Defective Notices – Penalties Quashed – Revenue appeals challenge ITAT orders deleting penalties under Section 271(1)(c) for lack of clarity in penalty notices – Court observed that notices failed to specify the exact charge of “concealment of income” or “furnishing inaccurate particulars” – Held: Defective notices violate principles of natural justice, rendering penalties invalid [Paras 7-12, 22].

Concealment vs. Inaccurate Particulars – Distinct Grounds Must Be Clearly Stated – Court reiterated that concealment and inaccurate particulars are distinct charges under Section 271(1)(c) – Notices must unequivocally state the ground being invoked, failing which penalty proceedings are vitiated – Supported by Karnataka High Court decision in Manjunatha Cotton and Ginning Factory [Paras 25-27].

Penalty Proceedings – Mens Rea and Prejudice – Strict Construction Required – The Revenue argued the penalty notices’ defect was procedural and not prejudicial – Court rejected this contention, citing the principle that penal provisions must be strictly construed in favor of the assessee where ambiguity exists [Paras 30-32].

Supreme Court Precedent – Reliance Petroproducts Case Followed – Court cited CIT vs. Reliance Petroproducts Pvt. Ltd. to emphasize that making unsustainable claims in returns does not automatically attract penalties unless false particulars are furnished [Paras 33-35].

Decision: The appeals were dismissed. The Court upheld ITAT’s conclusion that penalties imposed under Section 271(1)(c) were invalid due to defective notices. It confirmed that proper satisfaction and clear specification of charges are prerequisites for penalty proceedings.
 

Registration of Gift Deeds – Applicability of Section 22-B – Rejection of Registration Orders Upheld – Appeals against Single Judge’s order directing registration of gift deeds – Section 22-B of the Registration Act applies exclusively to sale deeds and not to deeds of gift – Court held the language of Section 22-B is clear and does not extend to gift deeds – Held: Registration authority’s refusal to register the deeds was incorrect [Paras 10-12, 20].

Interpretation of Statutes – Plain and Ordinary Meaning Rule – Section 22-B of Registration Act – Government argued for an expansive interpretation of “relating to the sale of immovable property” in Section 22-B – Court emphasized that clear statutory language must be given its plain meaning unless legislative intent suggests otherwise – Held: Section 22-B cannot be stretched to include deeds of gift [Para 15].

Registration Rules – Rule 30 of Andhra Pradesh Registration Rules – Layout Approvals Required for Alienation of Non-Agricultural Land – Although Section 22-B is inapplicable, Rule 30 allows the authority to demand subdivision plans or approved layouts before registering documents for non-agricultural land – Registration authority directed to act under Rule 30 [Paras 24-25].

Disputed Ownership – Declarations from Competent Court Required – Disputes regarding ownership of land sought to be gifted require adjudication by a competent court – Authority cannot resolve ownership disputes at the time of registration – Held: Respondent may approach appropriate forums to establish ownership rights [Para 27].

Decision:

The appeals were disposed of with the following directions:

Section 22-B of the Registration Act does not apply to deeds of gift; thus, refusal based on this section was incorrect.

The registration authority is permitted to enforce Rule 30 of the Andhra Pradesh Registration Rules for non-agricultural lands by requiring compliance with layout and subdivision approvals.

The respondent may seek necessary declarations from a competent court regarding ownership of the land intended to be gifted.

There were no orders as to costs, and all pending miscellaneous petitions were closed.

Criminal Law - Robbery – Identification Without TIP – Conviction Upheld – Appellants challenged the conviction, arguing no Test Identification Parade (TIP) was conducted and that the complainant identified them in court for the first time – Court noted the complainant’s testimony was consistent and trustworthy, and TIP is not mandatory where the court finds the witness’s testimony reliable – Held: Conviction under Section 397 IPC upheld [Paras 11-15, 20].

Use of Deadly Weapon – Non-Recovery Not Fatal to Prosecution – Appellants contended non-recovery of knives rendered the prosecution’s case weak – Court observed that recovery of the weapon is not mandatory for a conviction under Section 397 IPC if the use of the weapon is proven through credible testimony – Cited Aas Mohd. @ Ashu v. State (2021 DHC 4339) as precedent [Paras 18-19].

Contradictions in Testimony – Minor and Non-Material – Court addressed alleged contradictions in the complainant’s account regarding the seating arrangement of accused persons in the TSR and the location of his discovery post-robbery – Held: Minor contradictions do not undermine the overall credibility of testimony [Paras 16-17].

Procedural Deficiencies – No Prejudice Found – Alleged lapses, including discrepancies in the presence of members in the raiding party, were held immaterial as recovery of the stolen TSR and personal belongings was adequately proven by corroborative evidence [Para 21].

Decision: The appeal was dismissed, and the conviction of appellant Manish Kumar under Section 397 IPC was upheld. His bail bonds were cancelled, and he was directed to serve the remaining sentence. The appeal of co-convict Rajeev @ Sonu was declared abated due to his demise during the proceedings.

Service Law - Compassionate Appointment – Inclusion of Widowed Daughter – Discriminatory Exclusion Held Unconstitutional – Petitioner, a widowed daughter, was denied compassionate appointment under BSNL’s scheme – Court held that exclusion of widowed daughters from the definition of “dependent family member” is discriminatory, violative of Articles 14, 15, and 16 of the Constitution, and contrary to precedents expanding the definition of family – Held: Widowed daughters who were dependent on their deceased parent must be considered eligible for compassionate appointment [Paras 25-35, 61].

Judicial Precedents – Expansive Interpretation of Family in Compassionate Appointment Cases – Relying on decisions from various High Courts and the Supreme Court, including Vimla Srivastava v. State of U.P. and Meenakshi Dubey v. Madhya Pradesh Poorv Chhetra Vidut Vitran Co. Ltd., the Court noted a consistent trend in treating married and widowed daughters as part of the family for compassionate appointment purposes [Paras 38-49].

Dependency Criterion – To Be Determined on Facts – The Court clarified that the eligibility of a widowed daughter must be assessed based on her dependency on the deceased at the time of death, and non-inclusion in the guidelines alone cannot disqualify her [Paras 56-58].

BSNL’s Weightage System – Cannot Supplant Eligibility Guidelines – BSNL’s 2007 weightage system, which restricted references to unmarried daughters, was held subordinate to the broader eligibility criteria in the 1998 DoPT guidelines, which do not exclude widowed or married daughters [Paras 51-53].

Decision: The Court allowed the writ petition and quashed the Tribunal's order dated 13/01/2023. It directed BSNL to reconsider the petitioner’s claim for compassionate appointment within two months, applying the weightage point system and ensuring that her widowed status does not result in exclusion.

Jurisdiction – Show Cause Notice – Section 41-A of the Indian Stamp Act – Quashed – Appeal against the issuance of a show-cause notice under Section 41-A by the District Registrar of Assurances, Ananthapuram, demanding deficit stamp duty – High Court held that Section 41-A applies only to registered instruments and cannot be invoked for unregistered documents – As the document in question was unregistered, the show-cause notice was found to be without jurisdiction – Notice quashed [Paras 14-15, 21].

Stamp Duty – Secondary Evidence – No Validation Allowed – The impugned notice demanded stamp duty on copies of documents seized by the Vigilance Department – Court held that the Indian Stamp Act applies only to original instruments, and copies cannot be impounded or subjected to deficit stamp duty – Held: Copies of documents are not instruments under the Indian Stamp Act and cannot be used for imposing stamp duty [Paras 21-22].

Role of Vigilance Department – Lack of Authority – Ultra Vires Action – The Vigilance and Enforcement Department directed the District Registrar to collect deficit stamp duty – Court held that such executive actions without statutory authority contravene the Indian Stamp Act – Vigilance Department lacks jurisdiction to act as a statutory authority under the Act [Para 14].

Section 33 of the Indian Stamp Act – Applicability Limited to Original Instruments – The District Registrar relied on Section 33 to justify the demand – Court held that Section 33 empowers impounding of only original instruments voluntarily produced before the authority – Seized or secondary documents do not fall within its purview – Held: Section 33 does not apply in the present case [Para 22].

Writ Petition – Maintainability Against Show Cause Notice – Whirlpool Corporation Principle – Dismissing the writ petition as premature, the Single Judge failed to consider the lack of jurisdiction in issuing the notice – High Court relied on Whirlpool Corporation vs. Registrar of Trademarks to hold that writ jurisdiction is maintainable when a notice is issued without jurisdiction – Appeal allowed [Paras 11-13].

Decision:  The writ appeal was allowed, and the impugned show-cause notice dated 05/06/2015 was quashed for being issued without jurisdiction. The High Court ruled that Section 41-A does not apply to unregistered documents and that copies of documents cannot be impounded for the purpose of collecting deficit stamp duty. The role of the Vigilance and Enforcement Department in initiating proceedings was also found to be without legal authority.

No costs were awarded, and all pending miscellaneous petitions were closed.
 

Probate – Holograph Will – Grant of Probate Allowed – Lower Court Judgment Reversed – Appeal against rejection of probate for a holograph Will executed by testator, Sudhir Chandra Konar, on 31.12.1986 – Trial Court rejected probate citing suspicious circumstances, undue influence, and mental incapacity of the testator – High Court found the Will properly executed, attested, and aligned with the testator's intentions – Trial Court judgment set aside – Probate granted to appellant [Paras 1, 2, 58-60].

Will - Testamentary Capacity – Soundness of Mind – Section 63 of Indian Succession Act – Probate Granted – The testator was alleged to lack testamentary capacity due to Senile Dementia. Evidence revealed no symptoms of dementia at the time of the Will's execution in 1986, and the testator actively practiced law until 1996. Attesting witnesses affirmed the testator’s soundness of mind and disposing state at execution – Held: The testator had sufficient mental clarity during the Will's creation [Paras 35-37].

Suspicious Circumstances – Deprivation of Legal Heirs – Justified Disposition – Allegations arose of unnatural exclusion of certain heirs. Evidence showed the testator provided for all heirs, favoring the appellant (his younger son) based on circumstances such as proximity and care. The Will aligned with the testator’s stated intent to preserve his Burdwan residence within the family – Held: No undue influence or coercion established; the disposition was fair [Paras 42-45].

Interpolation in Will – Appointment of Executor – No Effect on Validity – The Will contained a post-execution addition appointing the appellant as executor, signed by the testator. The interpolation, being a bona fide correction, did not affect the Will’s validity – Held: Such an amendment does not invalidate the testamentary disposition [Para 49].

Execution and Registration of Will – Compliance with Section 68, Evidence Act – Probate Upheld – Witnesses attested to the execution and registration of the Will, confirming it was voluntary and free from undue influence. Minor discrepancies in witness testimony, attributed to the passage of time, did not detract from its credibility – Held: The Will was validly executed and registered [Paras 50-53].

Delay in Probate Application – Explained and Excused – The Will’s registration occurred 14 years post-execution due to logistical and familial considerations. The delay was deemed non-prejudicial – Held: Probate application delay not fatal to the case [Para 54].

Decision: The appeal was allowed, and the judgment of the Learned 5th Court, Additional District Judge, Burdwan, dated 12th March 2012, was set aside. The court held that the appellant, Deb Prosanna Konar, successfully proved the Will in accordance with law, including removing suspicious circumstances. Accordingly, probate of the Will dated 31/12/1986 of the deceased Sudhir Chandra Konar was granted to the appellant. The connected interlocutory application, I.A. No.: CAN 5 of 2024, was also disposed of. No costs were awarded.