Facts:

The case originated from an incident where the respondent was convicted by the Trial Court under various sections of the Indian Penal Code, including Section 302 (murder).

The High Court modified the conviction to Section 304 Part-II of the IPC and reduced the sentence.

Issues:

Whether the evidence supported the respondent's conviction under Section 302 rather than Section 304 Part-II of the IPC.

Held:

The Supreme Court, after considering the arguments and evidence, concluded that the High Court's judgment was flawed. It found that the evidence, including eyewitness testimonies and medical reports, established the respondent's intention to cause death. The Court emphasized that the circumstances of the incident warranted a conviction under Section 302 of the IPC.

Therefore, the appeal was allowed, the High Court's judgment was set aside, and the respondent's conviction under Section 302 was restored, sentencing him to imprisonment for life. The Court directed the respondent to surrender to his sentence immediately. Any pending applications were also disposed of accordingly.

Facts:

An application for directions and declarations was filed regarding the treatment of prisoners sentenced to death by any court.

Issues raised included the treatment of death row prisoners, solitary confinement, and access to legal representation and other facilities.

Issues:

Determination of when a convict is considered under the sentence of death.

Whether prisoners on death row are entitled to be treated like other convicted prisoners.

The constitutionality of solitary confinement for death row prisoners.

Entitlement of death row prisoners to meet with lawyers, family members, and mental health professionals.

Held:

The Court clarified the definition of a prisoner on death row, emphasizing that it applies to those whose death sentence has become final and conclusive.

Death row prisoners are entitled to be treated similarly to other convicted prisoners and should have access to similar facilities.

Solitary confinement or separate cellular confinement for death row prisoners was deemed unconstitutional.

Death row prisoners have the right to meet with lawyers, family members, and mental health professionals for effective legal representation and access to justice.

State governments and union territory administrations were directed to modify prison manuals, regulations, and rules accordingly.

The issues raised in the application were referred to the Justice Amitava Roy Committee for further consideration.

Previous court decisions, including Frances Coralie Mullin vs. Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi and Sunil Batra vs. Delhi Administration, were cited to support the Court's conclusions.

Facts:

The petitioner, Dr. Ashwani Kumar, filed a writ petition (Writ Petition (C) No. 193 of 2016) seeking enforcement of the rights of elderly persons under Article 21 of the Constitution. The petition specifically sought adequate pension, shelter, geriatric care, and medical facilities for elderly persons. It also aimed at ensuring effective implementation of the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007.

Issues:

The court was the extent to which the rights of elderly persons, encompassed within Article 21 of the Constitution, are being upheld and enforced.

Additionally, the court examined the adequacy of measures taken by the government, both central and state, to fulfill the obligations under the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007.

Held:

The court emphasized the expansive interpretation of the right to life under Article 21, which includes the right to live with dignity, the right to shelter, and the right to health. These rights are fundamental and must be protected and enforced by the State. The court recognized that while certain schemes have been initiated by the government, more efforts are required to fully meet the constitutional mandate and the provisions of the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007.

The court issued several directions to address the issue, including obtaining information on old age homes and medical facilities available for senior citizens, developing a plan to publicize the provisions of the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, and exercising powers under the Act to ensure its effective implementation.

The court emphasized the importance of continuous monitoring and a continuing mandamus to ensure that the rights of elderly persons are respected and enforced, in line with the principles of social justice enshrined in the Constitution.

Decision: The court's decision aimed at enhancing the recognition and enforcement of the rights of elderly persons, ensuring adequate pension, shelter, geriatric care, and medical facilities, and effective implementation of the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007.

Facts:

Involves a case of alleged theft of copper wires and lead sleeves from a Telecom Department's godown, seizure of goods, and subsequent trial leading to the acquittal of the accused.

Issues:

Determination of entitlement to seized goods under Section 452 of the CrPC, considering conflicting claims of ownership.

Held:

The Court reaffirmed that the claim of title to seized goods is a relevant consideration under Section 452 of the CrPC.

Emphasized the judicial discretion in disposing of seized property, considering entitlement claimed by the person seeking possession.

Reiterated the principle from N. Madhavan v. State of Kerala that ordinarily, property should be restored to the person from whose custody it was seized, unless there is a dispute regarding ownership.

Directed the conflicting claimant to establish their title in a civil court if there's a dispute.

Found that the respondent failed to establish a prima facie basis for their claim of title to the seized goods.

Reversed the High Court's decision, upholding the orders of the trial court and Sessions Court, directing the respondent to establish their claim and title in a civil court.

Allowed the appellant to sell the goods by auction and maintain the proceeds pending resolution in the civil court.

Facts:

The appellant was convicted for the rape and murder of a 3-year-old girl. Both the conviction and the capital punishment were confirmed by the High Court. The appeals filed by the appellant before the Supreme Court were dismissed. Subsequently, the review petitions were also dismissed, but later restored following a Constitution Bench decision of the Supreme Court.

Issues:

The appropriateness of capital punishment in cases based on circumstantial evidence, the consideration of reform and rehabilitation possibilities of the convict, the significance of DNA evidence, and the relevance of the appellant's prior criminal history.

Held:

The Court observed that while it's generally not advisable to award capital punishment in cases based solely on circumstantial evidence, there's no absolute rule against it. However, exceptional circumstances warranting the death penalty must be present.

The probability of the convict being reformed and rehabilitated into society must be earnestly considered before awarding the death penalty. The prosecution has the burden of proving, through evidence, that the convict cannot be reformed or rehabilitated.

The Court emphasized the importance of DNA evidence in criminal cases and criticized the prosecution for not producing DNA evidence in the trial. The failure to produce such evidence was deemed detrimental to the prosecution's case.

Mere pendency of criminal cases against a convict cannot be a factor in sentencing, as it violates the presumption of innocence. The past adverse conduct of the convict should not be considered for determining the sentence.

Decision: In this particular case, the Court found errors in the trial court's consideration of evidence and sentencing. The prosecution's failure to produce DNA evidence and the consideration of pending cases against the appellant were among the reasons for commuting the death sentence. However, the appellant was not to be released from custody for the rest of his normal life.

Facts:

The appellant, M. A. Antony @ Antappan, was convicted by the Sessions Court for the murder of six members of a single family. The Trial Judge sentenced him to death, a decision upheld by the High Court. The appellant's appeal to the Supreme Court was dismissed, leading to the filing of a Review Petition.

Issues:

Whether socio-economic circumstances should be considered in awarding a sentence, particularly in cases of capital punishment.

Held:

The Court held that socio-economic factors should indeed be taken into account while deciding between life imprisonment and the death penalty. These factors include the accessibility of justice and remedies for the poor and needy. Additionally, the quality of legal representation, especially for disadvantaged individuals, was highlighted as an area needing attention.

In the present case, the convict's socio-economic background was considered significant. He worked as a casual driver and was striving to find employment abroad. Financial constraints drove him to desperate measures, culminating in the tragic events of the crime.

The Court emphasized the need to eschew considerations of public opinion or collective conscience when sentencing, as these factors may not accurately reflect the circumstances of the case.

Furthermore, the probability of the convict's reform, rehabilitation, and social reintegration into society should be considered. In this case, there was no evidence to support the notion that the convict was a hardened criminal.

Decision: Taking into account the socio-economic condition of the convict and other relevant factors, the Court commuted the death sentence to life imprisonment. The petition stands disposed of accordingly.

Facts:

The case involves an appeal by an employees' union against the judgment of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan.

The High Court refused to transfer winding-up proceedings pending before it to the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and set aside an order of the NCLT admitting a financial creditor's petition under Section 7 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC).

The proceedings originated from the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 (SIC Act), and involved various petitions and writs filed by labor unions and creditors.

Issues:

The jurisdictional conflict between the High Court and the NCLT in dealing with winding-up proceedings initiated under the SIC Act and Section 7 applications under the IBC.

The interpretation of relevant provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 and the Companies (Transfer of Pending Proceedings) Rules, 2016 was also in question.

Held:

The Supreme Court interpreted Rule 5(2) of the Companies (Transfer of Pending Proceedings) Rules, 2016 and clarified that proceedings under Section 20 of the SIC Act were to be dealt with by the High Court until a party filed an application for transfer to the NCLT post the amendment date.

The Court affirmed the NCLT's jurisdiction to admit a Section 7 application under the IBC, citing Section 238 of the IBC, which gives precedence to the provisions of the IBC over other laws.

The Supreme Court allowed the appeal, setting aside the High Court's judgment. It directed that the NCLT proceedings should continue from the stage they were left off. The company petition pending before the High Court could not proceed further due to Section 238 of the IBC.

Facts:

The appellant purchased a building that was previously leased to the respondent.

Dispute arose due to default in lease payments.

Legal proceedings initiated by the appellant for recovery of possession and other reliefs.

Respondent filed an application for rejection of the plaint under Order VII, Rule 11 of CPC.

Issues:

Whether the West Bengal Tenancy Act, 1997 or the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 applies to the dispute.

Validity of the rejection of plaint application filed by the respondent.

Held:

The Court disposed of the appeals directing the trial court to frame the issue relating to the maintainability of the suit and the applicability of the enactments mentioned (West Bengal Tenancy Act, 1997 and Transfer of Property Act, 1882) as a preliminary issue. The trial court was instructed to decide this issue expeditiously, preferably within six months from the date of communication of the judgment.

In conclusion, the Court did not provide a final decision on the applicability of the legal enactments but directed the trial court to address this issue promptly as a preliminary matter.

Facts:

The case involved a comprehensive examination of the legal provisions concerning the protection of the identity of victims of sexual offenses, particularly women and children, under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO Act).

Issues:

The interpretation and application of relevant sections of the IPC and the POCSO Act regarding the disclosure of victims' identities, the responsibilities of law enforcement agencies and the media, and the establishment of safeguards to prevent public disclosure of victims' identities.

Held:

The court elucidated the provisions of Section 228A of the IPC, emphasizing that any person making known the identity of a victim of specified sexual offenses commits a criminal offense, punishable by law. It further clarified that even the publication of related court proceedings without the court's permission constitutes an offense, with exceptions for printing or publishing court judgments.

The court interpreted the phrase "matter which may make known the identity of the person" under Section 228A IPC, emphasizing that it encompasses not only the victim's name but also any information that could lead to the victim's identification. This interpretation aims to protect victims from societal discrimination and harassment.

Exceptions under Section 228A(2) IPC were discussed, particularly for police officials recording victim identities during investigations. However, such information should not be made public or disclosed to the media. FIRs related to specified sexual offenses should not be put in the public domain.

It was clarified that Section 228A(2)(c) IPC, which deals with minors, no longer applies due to the enactment of the POCSO Act, which specifically addresses minors' protection.

The court highlighted the absence of designated social welfare institutions or organizations authorized to receive victim identity disclosures from next of kin, emphasizing the need for sensitivity and caution in handling such cases.

It was emphasized that even with next of kin authorization, disclosure of victim identity should only occur with permission from the competent authority, considering the victim's best interests.

The court outlined exceptional circumstances where victim identity disclosure may be necessary, such as in cases involving unidentified deceased victims. However, such disclosures should be minimal and sensitive to the victim's dignity.

The court discussed the restrictions on reporting court proceedings under Section 228A and Section 327(2) CrPC, emphasizing the confidentiality of in-camera proceedings to protect victims' identities.

The judgment emphasized that court judgments should avoid indicating the victim's name to prevent inadvertent disclosure.

Procedures for victims filing appeals were outlined, emphasizing the confidentiality of victim identities throughout the appellate process.

The court examined the provisions of the POCSO Act, emphasizing the stringent measures in place to protect child victims' identities.

The obligation of the media to prevent disclosure of child victim identities was emphasized, with violations constituting offenses under the POCSO Act.

The court extended protections to deceased victims, emphasizing the dignity owed to them even after death.

The court endorsed the directives of the Calcutta High Court regarding POCSO Act implementation, particularly regarding victim identity protection.

The establishment of child-friendly courts and one-stop centers for victims' support was encouraged, promoting a sensitive and supportive approach to handling cases of sexual offenses against women and children.

Decision: The court issued comprehensive directives to safeguard the identities of victims of sexual offenses, outlining stringent measures for law enforcement agencies, media, and judicial authorities to prevent public disclosure of victim identities.