Administrative Law – Jurisdiction – Transfer of Cases – The Supreme Court held that any challenge to an order of transfer of an Original Application from one Bench of the CAT to another under Section 25 of the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, falls within the territorial jurisdiction of the High Court where the Tribunal passing the order is situated – High Court at Calcutta lacked jurisdiction to entertain the writ petition against the transfer order by the Principal Bench of CAT at New Delhi – Appeal allowed [Paras 1-19].

Jurisdiction of High Courts – Power of Judicial Review – The High Court's power of judicial review under Article 226/227 of the Constitution is inviolable, but such power must be exercised within the territorial jurisdiction where the Tribunal passing the impugned order is situated – Decision of the Constitution Bench in L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997) 3 SCC 261 emphasized [Paras 15-17].

Disparaging Remarks – Expunction – Supreme Court ordered the expunction of unwarranted and uncalled-for remarks made by the High Court against the Chairman of the CAT – Emphasized judicial restraint and the need to avoid intemperate language [Paras 8-9].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court's judgment set aside – Writ petition dismissed with liberty to file before the jurisdictional High Court – Remarks against the Chairman of the Tribunal expunged [Paras 18-19].

Reservation in Educational Institutions – Amendment to Reservation Act – The Supreme Court upheld the Manipur University’s adoption of reservation norms as 2% for SC, 31% for ST, and 17% for OBC candidates following the amendment to the Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006, by the Amendment Act of 2012 – The university was correct in reverting to the reservation quotas that were in place immediately before the commencement of the Reservation Act [Paras 1-33].

Legislative Intent – Interpretation of Statutory Provisions – The Court emphasized the importance of interpreting the second proviso to Section 3 of the Reservation Act inserted by the Amendment Act in a manner that ensures the norms for SC, ST, and OBC reservations are derived from the same source to avoid inconsistency and uncertainty – Any other interpretation would make the proviso unworkable and redundant [Paras 33].

Application of Reservation Act – Norms for Specified North Eastern Region – For Central Educational Institutions in the specified North Eastern region, the reservation norms must be aligned with the second proviso to Section 3, ensuring that the reservation for SC and ST candidates is based on the percentages existing prior to the enactment of the Reservation Act [Paras 31-33].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – The reservation norms of 2% for SC, 31% for ST, and 17% for OBC candidates in Manipur University upheld as being in accordance with the Amendment Act – Parties to bear their own costs [Paras 34-35].

Insolvency Law – Resolution Professional Fees – Reasonableness and Basis – The Supreme Court held that both the adjudicating authority (NCLT) and the appellate authority (NCLAT) must consider the basis and reasonableness of the fees and expenses claimed by the Resolution Professional (RP) – Orders passed in an ad hoc manner without providing reasons for determining the fees are not sustainable – Appeal allowed [Paras 1-33].

Jurisdiction – Exercise of Jurisdiction – The Court emphasized that the adjudicating authority must scrutinize and verify the factual position before determining the fees and expenses payable to the RP – An arbitrary fixation of fees without assessing the reasonableness of the claim constitutes an abdication of jurisdiction [Paras 16-17].

Adjudicating Authority’s Role – Detailed Assessment – The NCLT and NCLAT orders were set aside due to the lack of detailed assessment and reasoning – The case was remanded to the NCLT for a fresh decision with specific instructions to expedite the process [Para 17].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Orders of the NCLT and NCLAT set aside – Matter remanded to the NCLT for a fresh decision on the application for fees and expenses of the RP – NCLT directed to expedite the disposal within one month from the receipt of the certified copy of this order [Para 17].

Land Law – Scheduled Caste Land Transactions – Applicability of Local Laws – The Supreme Court held that an individual who is a Scheduled Caste member in Punjab cannot claim the benefit of Scheduled Caste status in Rajasthan for the purpose of purchasing land allotted to a Scheduled Caste person in Rajasthan – The sale transaction was in violation of Section 42 of the Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 – Appeal dismissed [Paras 1-10].

Inter-State Migration – Scheduled Caste Status – The Court reiterated that a Scheduled Caste individual from one state cannot automatically claim Scheduled Caste status in another state upon migration – This principle ensures that local protections and benefits for Scheduled Castes are not diluted by inter-state migrations [Paras 7-9].

Regularization of Illegal Transactions – Board of Revenue’s Power – The Court found that the Board of Revenue erred in permitting the compounding and regularization of the transaction under Section 13(A)(2) of the Rajasthan Colonization Act, 1954 – The compounding provision applies only when the transferee is in possession, which was not the case here – The order was contrary to the statutory provisions [Paras 11].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – The land transaction in favor of the appellant was void and in violation of Section 42 of the Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955, and Section 13 of the Rajasthan Colonization Act, 1954 – The High Court’s decision was upheld – No order as to costs [Para 12].

Foreign Trade Policy – Terminal Excise Duty Refund – Applicability – The Supreme Court held that the policy circular dated 15.03.2013 issued by the DGFT, clarifying that no refund of TED should be provided for supplies from DTA to EOU as such supplies are ab initio exempted from payment of excise duty, was valid – Refund claims for TED were inadmissible under the FTP as the supplies were to be made without payment of excise duty – Appeals dismissed [Paras 1-33].

Ab Initio Exemption – DTA to EOU Supplies – The Court emphasized that the FTP mandated supplies from DTA to EOUs to be made without payment of excise duty, thereby making any refund claim for TED untenable – The provision of FTP for exemption from duty overrides any past practice of granting refunds [Paras 15-17].

Judicial Review – Policy Circulars – The policy circular issued by DGFT was held to be clarificatory and consistent with the FTP, ensuring uniform application of the policy – Past instances of refund do not create a vested right against the express provisions of the FTP [Paras 27-30].

Decision: Appeals dismissed – High Court’s orders upholding the DGFT’s policy circular affirmed – No order as to costs [Paras 33].

Employment Law – Departmental Inquiry – Representation by Retired Employee – The Supreme Court held that there is no absolute right for an employee facing departmental proceedings to be represented by a retired employee of the bank as his DR – Regulation 44 of the Rajasthan Marudhara Gramin Bank (Officers and Employees) Service Regulations, 2010, does not specifically permit or restrict the engagement of a retired employee as a DR – The High Court erred in permitting such representation without considering Clause 8 of the Handbook of Vigilance Administration & Disciplinary Action, which mandates that the DR should be a serving official/employee of the bank – Appeal allowed [Paras 1-33].

Regulation and Handbook Procedure – Harmonious Reading – The Court emphasized that the provisions of Regulation 44 and the Handbook Procedure should be read harmoniously – The Handbook, approved by the Board of Directors, is supplementary to the regulations and binding on all employees – It specifically requires the DR to be a serving official/employee, thus excluding retired employees [Paras 7-10].

Right to Representation – Limits and Employer's Discretion – It was reiterated that the right to representation in departmental proceedings is not absolute and can be restricted by the employer through regulations or standing orders – The principle is to avoid any outsider, including retired employees, from representing in internal inquiries to maintain decorum and confidentiality [Paras 6-9].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court's judgment permitting the respondent to be represented by a retired employee in the departmental inquiry set aside – Directions issued to adhere to the Handbook Procedure requiring the DR to be a serving employee – No order as to costs [Para 10].

Arbitration Law – Termination of Mandate – Section 12(5) of the Arbitration Act – The Supreme Court held that the originally constituted Arbitral Tribunal, a Stationery Purchase Committee comprising officers of the respondent, had lost its mandate by operation of law under Section 12(5) read with the Seventh Schedule of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 – A fresh arbitrator is required to be appointed under the provisions of the Act – Appeal allowed [Paras 1-33].

Neutrality of Arbitrators – Amendment Act 2015 – The Court emphasized that the Amendment Act 2015 was introduced to ensure the neutrality of arbitrators – Any person whose relationship with the parties or the subject matter of the dispute falls under the categories specified in the Seventh Schedule is ineligible to be appointed as an arbitrator – The prior constitution of the arbitral tribunal in the year 2001 does not exempt it from the application of the amended Section 12(5) [Paras 7-9].

Applicability of Section 12(5) – Prospective and Retrospective Operation – The Court clarified that Section 12(5) applies to ongoing arbitral proceedings unless there is an express agreement in writing post-dispute to continue with the same arbitrators – The principle of independence and impartiality applies regardless of the timeline of the constitution of the tribunal [Paras 8-9].

Appointment of Fresh Arbitrator – Ineligibility of Previous Arbitrators – The originally constituted tribunal comprising officers of the respondent is declared ineligible – The Court appoints a fresh arbitrator to adjudicate the dispute between the parties [Paras 9-11].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court's order dated 27.08.2021 set aside – The earlier Arbitral Tribunal's mandate terminated – Justice Abhay Manohar Sapre, former Judge of the Supreme Court, appointed as the fresh arbitrator – Directions issued for expeditious conclusion of arbitration proceedings [Paras 10-12].

Election Law – Disqualification of Panchayat Members – Appealability: The Supreme Court held that no remedy of appeal is envisaged against an order of the State Election Commission or its delegatee (the Collector) under Section 14B(1) rejecting the complaint or dropping proceedings for the declaration of a Sarpanch/Member having incurred disqualification. Such an order becomes final and is deemed to have been passed by the State Election Commission itself. The Divisional Commissioner has no jurisdiction to entertain an appeal against such an order. The appeals are allowed [Paras 1-23].

Jurisdiction of Divisional Commissioner – Finality of Collector’s Order: The Court emphasized that the Divisional Commissioner would have no jurisdiction to entertain an appeal against the Collector's order under Section 14B(1). The State Election Commission or its delegatee cannot review or reconsider such an order once passed. The High Court's analogy drawn from Section 16(2) was incorrect, as the processes under Section 14B and Section 16 are distinct [Paras 14-17].

Legislative Intent – Appeals and Review: The statutory framework does not provide for an appeal against the rejection of a disqualification complaint by the Collector. The only instance where the Divisional Commissioner or State Election Commission can intervene is to remove or reduce the period of disqualification once it has been declared. This design prevents the same authority from reviewing its own decisions, ensuring finality and preventing jurisdictional overreach [Paras 21-22].

Decision: Appeals allowed – High Court’s judgment set aside – Orders of the Divisional Commissioner dated 15.07.2019 are set aside – The Collector's orders rejecting the Dispute Applications are restored – No order as to costs [Para 23].

Criminal Law – Marital Disputes – Settlement and Conviction: The Supreme Court held that the conviction under Section 498-A IPC should be quashed in light of the settlement between the appellant and his wife, who have resolved their disputes and are now living together harmoniously. The High Court erred in not setting aside the conviction despite acknowledging the settlement. Appeal allowed [Paras 1-11].

Impact of Settlement on Conviction – Judicial Discretion: The Court emphasized that maintaining the conviction of the appellant would not serve the ends of justice, especially given the settlement and the appellant's potential job loss, which could lead to financial distress affecting the marital harmony. The judicial approach should favor genuine settlements in matrimonial disputes to foster reconciliation and peace [Paras 7-8].

Precedents – Encouraging Settlement of Matrimonial Disputes: The Court cited precedents emphasizing the importance of quashing criminal proceedings in matrimonial disputes upon genuine settlements. It underscored the role of courts in encouraging such settlements to avoid prolonged litigation and promote harmony [Paras 8-9].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court's judgment modified – All proceedings arising out of FIR No. 204 of 2014 quashed qua the appellant – Conviction under Section 498-A IPC set aside [Paras 10-11].