Insurance Law – Terrorism Exclusion Clause – Policy Definitions Govern – Insurance claims cannot be rejected based on the definition of terrorism in penal laws – Exclusion Clause in insurance policy defines terrorism – Rights and liabilities of parties governed by terms of policy – Definitions from penal statutes irrelevant [Paras 1-14].

Consumer Protection – Repudiation of Insurance Claims – Burden of Proof – Insurer must prove exclusion clause applicability – Ambiguities in exclusion clauses construed in favor of insured – Insurer failed to prove act of terrorism as defined in policy [Paras 8-13].

Riot and Violent Means – Policy Coverage – Insurance policy explicitly covers damage caused by riots or violent means – Exclusion Clause improperly applied – Insurer's decision to repudiate policy unsustainable [Paras 14-15].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Held – Impugned judgment and order set aside – Complaint restored to file – Commission directed to decide complaint afresh within four months – Respondent to deposit Rs. 8,900,000/- with Commission within one month – Liberty to appellant to apply for withdrawal of amount pending complaint [Paras 16-18].

Foreign Medical Graduates – Licentiate and Internship Regulations – Constitutionality – Regulations 4(a)(i), 4(a)(ii), 4(b), and 4(c) of the Licentiate Regulations and Schedule II, 2(a), and 2(c)(i) of the CRMI Regulations challenged – High Court upheld regulations ensuring minimum standards for foreign medical graduates [Paras 1-10].

Judicial Review – Standard of Education – Role of Courts – Courts should not interfere with educational policies ensuring quality and standards – Regulations based on expert recommendations and past experiences – Aim to prevent commercialisation and maintain quality of medical education [Paras 10-38].

Internship Requirements – Duration and Location – Requirement for 12-month internship in foreign institution and 12-month supervised internship in India upheld – Ensures foreign medical graduates meet Indian standards [Paras 50-58].

Extraterrestrial Legislation – Applicability to Foreign Graduates – Regulations do not impose on foreign countries but set standards for practice in India – Reasonable restrictions under Article 19(6) for public interest [Paras 56-57].

Decision: Appeals dismissed – Held – Licentiate and CRMI Regulations are valid and constitutional – Necessary to maintain minimum standards and quality of medical education – High Court's dismissal upheld – Costs imposed by High Court waived off considering appellant's status as a student [Paras 60-61].

Medical Education – NEET PG Admission – Reduction in Percentile – Central Government reduced minimum marks by 15 percentile for all categories – Petitioners sought further reduction by 5 percentile to fill remaining vacancies – Government opposed additional reduction citing academic interests [Paras 2-7].

Judicial Review – Policy Decisions – Courts should not interfere with educational policies ensuring quality and standards – Decision based on data and expert consultation upheld – No manifest arbitrariness in not reducing percentile further [Paras 8-9].

Decision: Miscellaneous Application dismissed – Held – Government's decision to not reduce minimum marks further upheld – Balance between public interest in filling vacancies and maintaining standards in medical education – No arbitrariness found in decision-making process [Paras 9-10].

Insurance Law – Overlapping Policies – Marine and Domestic Coverage – Clause 47 of the STP Policy and Condition No. 4 of the SFSP Policy – Marine policy issued by Allianz covered global risks, including those insured under domestic policies – Domestic policy excluded liability where another policy covered the same risk – Marine policy interpreted as including warehouse risks [Paras 1-34].

Consumer Protection – Repudiation of Insurance Claims – Exclusion Clauses – Clause 4 of SFSP Policy excluded liability for risks covered by marine policy – Clause 47 of STP Policy intended to cover differences in conditions and limits when local policies are mandated – Insurer's liability under domestic policy excluded due to comprehensive marine coverage [Paras 35-50].

Judicial Review – Interpretation of Insurance Contracts – Double Insurance – Interpretation to avoid unjust enrichment – Claims under overlapping policies to be reconciled based on express terms and conditions – Insured cannot claim more than indemnified loss [Paras 45-51].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Held – NCDRC order set aside – Levi's complaint dismissed – Marine policy issued by Allianz considered primary for claimed losses – Domestic insurer not liable under SFSP Policy due to valid exclusion under Condition No. 4 – Ensured consistent interpretation of insurance contracts to avoid unjust enrichment [Paras 52].

Service Law – Discharge for Suppression of Information – RPF Recruitment – Appellant discharged for not disclosing past criminal case in attestation form – Case was trivial, appellant acquitted honorably – Competent authority failed to consider the nature of post, duties, and triviality of case [Paras 1-16].

Judicial Precedents – Avtar Singh v. Union of India – Summarized principles for suppression of material information – Trivial cases and clean acquittals should be considered objectively [Paras 12-18].

Nature of Post and Duties – Importance of Context – Suitability for the post must consider the nature of the role and duties – Blanket discharge for all types of suppression deemed arbitrary [Paras 17-18].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Held – Discharge order dated 24th April 2015 and review order dated 23rd December 2021 quashed – Appellant to be reinstated as Constable with notional benefits including pay, seniority, and other consequential benefits – No arrears of salary for the period not served – Orders to be executed within one month [Paras 19-20].

Criminal Law – Furlough – Appellant serving life imprisonment for the remainder of his natural life without remission or parole sought furlough – Rejection based on the presidential order restricting remission and parole – Supreme Court held that the right to seek furlough is independent of the restrictions on remission and parole – Directed authorities to reconsider furlough application [Paras 1-19].

Good Conduct – Incentive – Furlough granted as an incentive for good conduct – Eligibility based on maintaining good conduct and fulfilling criteria under Delhi Prison Rules, 2018 – Presidential order did not prohibit furlough, only remission and parole – Good conduct and reformative approach emphasized [Paras 12-17].

Reformative Approach – Prisoners' Rights – Reformative justice underlined – Furlough serves as a motivation for maintaining discipline and good conduct in prison – Denying furlough counterproductive to reformation [Paras 15-17].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Impugned orders set aside – Appellant's furlough application to be reconsidered by authorities in accordance with law – Director General of Prisons to expedite decision within two months [Paras 18-19].

Service Law – Forest Guard Training – Appellants, forest guards who stood first in training, sought ranger training – Respondent challenged such training based on administrative orders – Supreme Court evaluated the validity and revocation of orders under the M.P. Class III (Non-Ministerial) Forest Service Recruitment Rules, 1967 [Paras 3-15].

Administrative Orders – Revocation – Court examined whether the 1977 order allowing top-performing forest guards to undergo ranger training was effectively revoked by subsequent orders – Concluded revocation only valid with proper government order in name of Governor, issued on 11.06.2012 [Paras 8-15].

Reorganisation Act – Continuity of Orders – Evaluated the continuation of undivided Madhya Pradesh orders post reorganisation – Orders continued to hold field till validly revoked – Court upheld that 1977 order remained effective until 2012 revocation [Paras 14-15].

Decision: Appeals allowed – Division Bench judgment set aside – 1977 order deemed valid until 2012 revocation – No costs awarded [Para 15].

Medical Education – Provisional Registration – Students completed clinical training online due to the pandemic – Appellant argued that clinical training must be completed in physical form – High Court's decision permitting two months of clinical training instead of three deemed insufficient – Appellant directed to frame a scheme for students to complete clinical training in India [Paras 1-25].

Clinical Training – Online Mode – Students argued completion of clinical training online due to COVID-19 – Appellant contended clinical training requires physical presence – Supreme Court upheld necessity for actual clinical training to ensure competence [Paras 10-19].

Pandemic Impact – Student Relief – Court acknowledged pandemic's impact on education – Directed appellant to frame a one-time scheme for clinical training in India – Emphasized balance between student career prospects and maintaining medical education standards [Paras 22-25].

Decision: Appeals disposed of – Appellant to create a scheme for clinical training in India within two months – Students to complete clinical training and undergo testing before provisional registration [Paras 25-26].

Waqf – Definition and Dedication – Appellant claimed a dilapidated structure as a mosque – No evidence at any point of time that the structure was being used as a mosque – No allegation or proof of dedication, user, or grant qualifying the structure as a waqf within the meaning of Section 3(r) of the Waqf Act – In absence of any proof of dedication or user, a dilapidated wall or platform cannot be conferred the status of a religious place for offering prayers/Namaaz [Paras 1-19].

Principles of Natural Justice – Compliance by State – It is always open to the State as lessor to exercise the powers conferred by the lease deed after complying with principles of natural justice and on good and sufficient grounds – Action of removal of structure upheld – Appeals dismissed [Paras 16-20].

Decision: Appeals dismissed – Structure removal upheld – The claim of the appellant regarding the structure being a mosque not substantiated – No merit found in the present appeals.