Transfer of Property – Agreement for Sale – An agreement for sale of immovable property does not itself create any interest in or charge on such property – A person having an agreement for sale in his favour does not get any right in the property except the right of obtaining a sale deed on that basis – Validity and genuineness of sale agreement questioned due to its mention in the Will and the circumstances of its execution – High Court's findings reversed and Trial Court's decree restored [Paras 1-58].

Partition Suit – Maintainability without Declaration – Suit for partition filed without seeking a declaration against the sale agreement's validity – Submission that such a suit is not maintainable – Supreme Court finds that partition can be claimed among co-sharers without separately challenging agreements that may affect title – Appeal allowed based on the incompetence of the respondents' appeal after the abatement due to the death of a co-sharer [Paras 34-38, 48-50].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court's decree set aside – Trial Court's decree restored – Suit for partition declared maintainable without the need for a separate declaration regarding the sale agreement – Costs awarded to plaintiff-appellant [Paras 60].

Probation – Young Offenders – Applicability Despite Mandatory Minimum Sentence – Mandatory minimum sentences under Section 397 of IPC do not exclude the benefit of probation under the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 – Court found that the Act's provisions could still be applied in cases where young offenders are involved, aiming at reformation and rehabilitation – Appellants, aged 19 and 21 at the time of the offence, were granted probation after serving half of their sentences in view of good conduct and victim's forgiveness [Paras 1-16].

Criminal Law – Robbery and Attempt to Cause Grievous Hurt – Sentencing and Probation –

Despite statutory mandatory minimum sentences, courts can apply the Probation of Offenders Act for young offenders – Section 4 of the Act, which allows probation, was deemed applicable even when Section 397 IPC prescribes a minimum sentence – Court considered the nature of the offence, character of the offenders, and the surrounding circumstances [Paras 5-14].

Decision: Appeals allowed – Appellants released on probation of good conduct under Section 4 of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, after serving half the sentence – Required to enter into bonds with sureties to ensure good behaviour for the remaining sentence period [Para 16].

Right to Nutrition – Public Interest Litigation – Reopening of Anganwadi Centres –

Petition sought reopening of Anganwadi Centres closed due to the pandemic – Centres provide crucial nutrition to children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers, which is essential for the country's future – Court directed reopening of Anganwadi Centres outside containment zones by January 31, 2021, unless directed otherwise by State Disaster Management Authority – Centres in containment zones to remain closed – States/UTs must ensure compliance with nutritional standards under Schedule II of the National Food Security Act, 2013 – Monitoring and supervision mechanisms to be established, with a complaint redressal system in each district [Paras 1-35].

Constitutional Law – Right to Food and Nutrition – Article 21 –

Right to nutrition linked to the right to life under Article 21 – Adequate nutrition essential for health and development, especially of children and women – Government obliged to provide food and nutritional support as per statutory requirements – Inadequate nutrition violates the fundamental right to health and dignity [Paras 17-19].

 Directive Principles – Article 47 –State's primary duty to raise the level of nutrition and standard of living – Statutory recognition of Anganwadi Centres under the National Food Security Act, 2013 – Essential services provided through these centres, including nutrition, health, and education – Closure due to COVID-19 impacted beneficiaries, necessitating reopening with safety protocols [Paras 2, 19-20].

Decision- Writ petition allowed – All States/UTs directed to reopen Anganwadi Centres outside containment zones by January 31, 2021 – Nutritional standards under Schedule II of the National Food Security Act, 2013 to be met – Monitoring and supervision to ensure benefits reach beneficiaries – Complaint Redressal Mechanism to be implemented in each district [Para 35].

Inter-State Sales – Exemption – Classification of Transactions –Appellant claimed exemption under Section 5(2) of the CST Act, asserting transactions were high seas sales – Transactions reviewed involved filing bills of entry for home consumption – Held, upon clearing goods by filing bill of entry for home consumption, import stream concluded, and goods merged with local goods – Resultant sales were inter-State sales under Section 3(a) – High Court upheld CTO’s assessment, rejecting appellant's claim for exemption under Section 5(2) [Paras 1-16].

Customs Frontiers – Transfer of Title – Legal Interpretation –Title transfer through high seas sale agreements examined – Filing bill of entry for home consumption deemed to end import stream – Subsequent sales to end-buyers constituted inter-State sales – Dispute over importer status clarified: customs duty assessed on appellant, not end-buyer – High seas sale agreements invalidated by customs clearance actions [Paras 5-15].

Judicial Review – Scope of Writ Jurisdiction –Appellant bypassed statutory appeal, directly challenging CTO orders via writ petitions – High Court noted limited scope of writ jurisdiction in reassessing factual findings – High Court dismissed writ petitions, confirming CTO's findings based on factual matrix and statutory compliance [Para 14].

Decision:Appeals dismissed – High Court’s judgment affirmed – Transactions treated as inter-State sales under Section 3(a) of the CST Act – Appellant held liable for tax – Directed to comply with assessment orders and produce C-Forms for concessional tax rate within specified timeframe [Paras 16].

Land Acquisition – Interest on Solatium – Entitlement in Execution –Interest on solatium for land acquisition is permissible in execution if not expressly rejected by the decree – Reference Court awarded interest, but High Court clarification stated claimants not entitled until the Supreme Court's larger bench decision – Supreme Court in Gurpreet Singh clarified that interest can be claimed in pending executions and not in closed ones – High Court’s judgment confirmed entitlement to interest on solatium as claim was kept open [Paras 2-10].

Execution of Decree – Scope and Limitations –Execution court cannot go behind the decree – If interest on solatium not expressly rejected, it can be claimed under the ratio of Sunder v. Union of India – Pending execution petitions eligible for claiming such interest – High Court allowed claimants to move appropriate applications following the Supreme Court’s larger bench decision [Paras 7-9].

Judicial Review – Application of Constitutional Bench Decisions –Supreme Court confirms High Court's interpretation in light of the Constitution Bench decision in Gurpreet Singh – Claimants' right to interest on solatium upheld as it was not rejected earlier – Application for interest on solatium tenable since execution was pending [Paras 8-10].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – High Court's decision upheld – Claimants entitled to interest on solatium from the date of judgment in Sunder v. Union of India (19 September 2001) – Reference court to verify computations – Costs deposited in the Supreme Court to be disbursed to the claimants [Paras 10-12].

Criminal Law – Kidnapping and Consensual Affair – The appellant argued that the minor girl's consent should be a defense due to their consensual relationship. The Supreme Court upheld the conviction, emphasizing that the consent of a minor is immaterial under Section 361 IPC. The Court noted that the statutory provisions do not allow for the consent of the minor as a valid defense and highlighted that the appellant had failed to demonstrate any grounds for acquittal [Paras 1-19].

Sentencing – Mitigating Factors – The Court observed several mitigating factors, including the absence of force, the young age of the appellant, the long passage of time since the incident, and the appellant's reformation. The sentence was reduced to the period of imprisonment already undergone, considering these factors [Paras 20-27].

Decision – Appeal Partly Allowed – Conviction upheld under Sections 363 and 366 of IPC, but the sentence was reduced to the period already served by the appellant. The appellant was ordered to be released immediately [Para 28].

Environmental Law – Unauthorized Construction – The appellant constructed a Hotel-cum-Restaurant in the Bus Stand Complex without requisite permissions, in violation of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The Supreme Court upheld the NGT's findings, directing the demolition of the illegal structure, emphasizing the necessity of strict compliance with environmental laws and the statutory provisions of the Forest Act [Paras 1-64].

Environmental Rule of Law – Emphasized the necessity for a rule of law framework in environmental governance to ensure compliance with environmental regulations. The Court highlighted the significance of procedural and institutional elements in safeguarding environmental interests [Paras 46-53].

Role of Courts in Environmental Protection – The judgment underscored the judiciary's critical role in enforcing environmental laws and ensuring sustainable development. It reinforced that courts must provide meaningful legal remedies to redress environmental harm and deter future violations [Paras 54-58].

Illegal Activities on Forest Land – Confirmed that construction on forest land for purposes other than those permitted is illegal. Reiterated that unauthorized use of forest land without central government approval constitutes a violation of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 [Paras 59-62].

Jurisdiction of NGT – Clarified that the NGT has the authority to adjudicate on violations of environmental obligations even if they involve statutes not listed in Schedule I of the NGT Act, provided the issue pertains to the implementation of an enactment specified in Schedule I [Paras 63].

Decision – Appeals disposed of – Held – The structure of the Hotel-cum-Restaurant in the Bus Stand Complex to be demolished within the stipulated timeline. The appellant and second respondent directed to comply strictly with the original orders issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) regarding the use of forest land for parking and bus stand purposes only [Paras 64-68].

Income Tax – Deduction under Section 80P(2)(a)(i) – The appeals involved the interpretation of Section 80P(2)(a)(i) and Section 80P(4) of the Income Tax Act, concerning the eligibility of cooperative societies providing credit facilities to their members. The Supreme Court held that the benevolent provisions of Section 80P must be read liberally and in favor of the assessee. The Court clarified that a cooperative society registered under a state law is eligible for deduction under Section 80P(2)(a)(i) if it is engaged in providing credit facilities to its members, irrespective of whether the credit facilities are agricultural or not. The Court also emphasized that Section 80P(4) is a proviso, specifically excluding cooperative banks that function akin to commercial banks [Paras 1-27, 31-36].

Jurisdiction of Assessing Officer – The Court held that assessing officers could examine the factual activities of a cooperative society to determine if it is indeed providing credit facilities to its members. Such an inquiry does not go behind the registration but ensures compliance with the principal object of the society [Paras 28-30, 32].

Eligibility vs. Attributability – The Court differentiated between eligibility for deduction and attributability of profits. While a society may be eligible for deduction if it provides credit facilities to its members, the profits attributable to loans given to non-members cannot be deducted under Section 80P(2)(a)(i) [Paras 33-34].

Decision – Appeals allowed – Held – The Full Bench judgment of the Kerala High Court was set aside. The Court affirmed that cooperative societies registered under the relevant state act are entitled to deductions under Section 80P(2)(a)(i), provided they are engaged in the specified activities. The exclusion under Section 80P(4) applies only to cooperative banks with RBI licenses [Paras 35-36].

Judicial Service – Appointment beyond Advertised Vacancies – The Supreme Court considered whether appointments to the post of Munsiff-Magistrate can be made beyond the number of probable vacancies advertised, as per Rule 7(2) of the Kerala Judicial Service Rules, 1991. The High Court had held that vacancies arising within a year of the approval of the select list by the Governor should be filled from the list, even if this exceeds the number of advertised vacancies. The Supreme Court reversed this decision, emphasizing that such appointments would contravene Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution by denying equal opportunity to candidates eligible in subsequent recruitment years [Paras 1-9, 28-46].

Judicial Service Rules – Interpretation – The Court harmonized the amended Rule 7(2) with the directives in Malik Mazhar Sultan (3), stressing that while the Rule permits filling vacancies arising within one year from the approval of the select list, it should not violate the principle of equal opportunity. The Court noted that the recruitment process must adhere to a strict timeline and the number of vacancies notified [Paras 10-27, 30-31].

Decision – Appeals allowed – Held – The judgment of the High Court was set aside. The Court ruled that appointments beyond the advertised number of vacancies for the year 2019 cannot encroach upon vacancies arising in the year 2020. The High Court was directed to conduct a fresh selection process for vacancies arising in 2020 in accordance with the relevant rules and judicial directives [Paras 47-49].