Labour Law - Daily-Wage Workers – Perennial Nature of Work – Right to Regularisation – Appeal Allowed – The appellants served the U.P. Higher Education Services Commission as daily-wage workers for over three decades in Class III/IV roles such as peons and drivers – Despite continuous employment and ministerial needs, the State repeatedly denied sanction of posts citing financial constraints – Supreme Court held that the refusal was arbitrary, ignoring functional necessities and long service – Held: Workers performing permanent functions cannot be denied regular status under the cover of temporary labels – Orders of High Court set aside – Appellants directed to be regularized with full arrears and benefits [Paras 1, 6–10, 15–20].

Public Employment – Arbitrariness in State Action – Rejection of Sanction Proposals – Invalid – The State’s rejection of the Commission’s 1991 and 1999 proposals for creation of posts was unsupported by cogent reasons – Held: Generic financial excuses without examining institutional need, continuity of service, and admitted reliance on workers cannot stand judicial scrutiny – Administrative refusal must pass test of reasonableness under Article 14 – State’s rejection of proposals quashed [Paras 6–8, 15–17].

Applicability of Umadevi (2006) – Distinction Between Illegal and Irregular Appointments – Misapplied by High Court – High Court relied on Umadevi to deny regularization – Held: The case involved irregular engagement, not illegal appointment – Supreme Court clarified that Umadevi does not shield State from addressing perennial functions with permanent posts – Precedents in Jaggo v. Union of India and Shripal v. Nagar Nigam, Ghaziabad reaffirmed to prevent prolonged ad-hocism – Regularisation justified [Paras 11, 19–20].

Vacancy and Comparator Analysis – Evidence of Available Vacancies and Selective Regularisation – Ignored by High Court – Appellants presented RTI replies and court filings showing vacant Class-IV posts and earlier regularisation of similarly situated workers – Held: Non-consideration of these materials by High Court amounted to jurisdictional error – Selective regularisation offends equality under Article 14 [Paras 10, 14, 19].

Structural Changes – No Bar to Relief – Commission Merger Irrelevant – During pendency, the Commission merged into U.P. Education Services Selection Commission and new outsourcing policy was adopted – Held: Successor body liable for past liabilities – Administrative reorganisation cannot defeat vested rights or ongoing proceedings – Relief cannot be denied on that ground [Para 12].

Relief and Directions – Supernumerary Posts – Regularisation with Arrears – Appellants directed to be regularised from 24.04.2002, the date of the High Court’s initial direction – Supernumerary posts to be created accordingly – Full arrears to be paid with interest – Directions issued for recalculation of pension, benefits to retired/deceased appellants, and sworn compliance affidavit by the State – Clear timelines imposed for execution [Para 19].

Final Decision – High Court Judgment Set Aside – Supreme Court allowed the appeal – Refusals by State declared unsustainable – Regularisation, arrears, and future entitlements granted – Matter concluded with binding operational directions to secure justice for workers exploited through long-term ad-hocism [Paras 15, 16, 19, 20].

Tenancy Law - Jurisdiction – Civil vs. Revenue Court – Declaration under Section 143 UPZALR Act – Appeal Allowed – The appellant-landlord filed a suit for possession and arrears of rent for land let out in 1970 for a petrol pump (non-agricultural use) – Respondents contended the land was agricultural and civil court lacked jurisdiction – Though declaration under Section 143 was finalized in 1986 (during appeal), First Appellate Court and High Court ignored this – Held: Civil Court had jurisdiction as land was always used for non-agricultural purpose and declared as such during litigation – Subsequent developments must be considered in appeal proceedings [Paras 1–5, 11–15].

Estoppel – Tenant’s Conduct – Use of Land for Commercial Purpose – Tenant Estopped from Denying Nature of Land – The respondent tenants had obtained various permissions and used the land exclusively for setting up a petrol pump – Held: Having utilized land for commercial purpose, tenants cannot later claim it to be agricultural to dispute jurisdiction or avoid eviction [Paras 2, 7–8, 15].

Declaration under Section 143 and its Registration – No Duty on Landowner – Procedural Irregularity not Fatal – Respondent’s argument that declaration was ineffective due to non-registration under Section 145 rejected – Held: It is the duty of the Assistant Collector to register the declaration free of cost – Landowner cannot be penalized for procedural lapse by public authority [Paras 9, 17].

Appeal as Continuation of Proceedings – Relevance of Subsequent Events – First Appellate Court and High Court Erred – The courts below failed to consider the final declaration under Section 143 during the appeal period – Held: Courts must consider changes affecting jurisdiction that occur during pendency to avoid multiplicity – Case remanded to First Appellate Court for decision on merits [Paras 15–18].

Final Decision – Appeal Allowed – Impugned judgment of the High Court set aside – Case remanded to First Appellate Court to decide appeal on merits within six months [Para 18].

Civil Law - Deemed Export Benefits – No Entitlement under FTP – Change in Law Not Attracted – The appellants, Nabha Power Limited and Talwandi Sabo Power Limited, sought compensation under Article 13 of the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) on the ground that withdrawal of deemed export benefits under Para 8.3 of the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2009–2014 constituted a “Change in Law” – The Supreme Court held that the appellants were never eligible for the said benefits as essential preconditions under the FTP were not satisfied – Notifications issued by DGFT were held to be clarificatory and not legislative in nature – Further, Press Release of 01.10.2009 was not binding and did not amount to a Change in Law – Appeals dismissed as devoid of merit [Paras 1, 40–44, 57–77].

Change in Law – FTP Notifications – Press Release dated 01.10.2009 – No Binding Effect – Appellants contended that the withdrawal of fiscal incentives post-bid through DGFT notifications and the 01.10.2009 Press Release amounted to a “Change in Law” under Article 13 of the PPA – Held: Only duly notified statutory instruments such as the Notifications dated 11.12.2009 and 14.12.2009 constitute law under the PPA – Press Releases and DGFT circulars are administrative in nature and not binding orders – No Change in Law occurred as claimed [Paras 40–44].

Deemed Export Benefits – Entitlement under Para 8.3 FTP – Eligibility Conditions Not Satisfied – Appellants claimed eligibility for deemed export benefits under Para 8.3 for power plant components procured under ICB – Held: FTP conditions require that benefits apply only to "goods" which are movable and manufactured in India – Assembled thermal power plant is immovable and not "goods" – Further, supply not proven to be under ICB at IPP or EPC stage – Appellants failed to meet five essential FTP preconditions for deemed export benefits [Paras 57–74].

FTP Circulars – Legal Character – DGFT Notifications of 2011 and 2012 Not Legislative – Appellants contended that clarificatory circulars amounted to Change in Law – Held: Notifications were interpretative and did not alter existing law – Even if treated as change in policy, appellants were ineligible for benefits on substantive grounds – Circulars did not create or remove legal entitlements [Paras 75–77].

Restitutionary Relief – Compensation under Article 13 of PPA – Relief Denied – Appellants sought compensation for increased project cost due to post-bid withdrawal of fiscal incentives – Held: Since appellants failed to establish occurrence of Change in Law or entitlement under FTP, no restitution or tariff adjustment is warranted under the PPA – No compensation payable [Paras 78–79].

Final Decision – Appeals Dismissed – Supreme Court upheld findings of the State Commission and APTEL – Deemed export benefits under Para 8.3 of FTP were unavailable – Withdrawal of incentives did not qualify as Change in Law – Appeals dismissed as devoid of merit – No costs awarded [Paras 80–82].

Civil Law - Contempt Petition – Delay in Compliance with Supreme Court’s Order – Compensation in Lieu of Contempt – Petition filed for non-compliance of the Supreme Court’s order dated 17.01.2018 directing the Bank to release outstanding dues to the petitioner within three months – Although the Bank eventually made the payments in 2019, there was significant delay without valid justification – Supreme Court held that the delay did not constitute wilful or contumacious disobedience, but acknowledged the prolonged non-payment and denied claim for pension, granting a lump sum compensation of ₹3,00,000 to the legal heirs of the deceased petitioner – Contempt proceedings closed with liberty barred for future litigation upon compliance [Paras 1-21].

Contempt of Court – Delay in Compliance – Mens Rea Essential – No Wilful Disobedience Found – Despite clear direction from Supreme Court to disburse outstanding dues within three months (order dated 17.01.2018), the Bank delayed payment until 2019 – Supreme Court held that while delay is apparent, it was not deliberate or wilful – Administrative hurdles post-merger and legacy record issues cited as mitigating factors – Contempt not established [Paras 13-18].

Contempt Jurisdiction – New Claims Cannot Be Entertained – Pension Claim Rejected – Petitioner sought pensionary benefits during contempt proceedings – Supreme Court ruled that contempt is not a forum to raise new claims or seek substantive reliefs not granted earlier – Since no such relief was sought or adjudicated in the civil appeals, the claim for pension was rejected [Paras 10, 19].

Compensation – Delay in Retirement Dues – Lump Sum Relief Granted – Noting that the petitioner had retired in 2006 and dues were paid belatedly despite long-standing favourable orders, the Court directed payment of ₹3,00,000 to the widow of the deceased as compensatory relief to bring finality to the matter – Interest at 8% imposed for default in payment within eight weeks [Paras 20-21].

Decision: Held: Contempt not made out – Petition disposed with direction to pay ₹3,00,000 to widow of petitioner – Pension claim rejected – No further litigation to be entertained upon compliance [Paras 21-22].

Service Law - Disciplinary Proceedings – Dismissal of Bank Officer – Violation of Natural Justice – Dismissal Quashed – The appellant, a retired officer of Vijaya Bank (now merged with Bank of Baroda), challenged his dismissal on grounds of breach of natural justice, specifically for non-furnishing of the preliminary inquiry report, failure to comply with Regulation 6(17) of the Vijaya Bank Officer Employees’ (Discipline and Appeal) Regulations, 1981, and non-disclosure of the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) recommendation that influenced the punishment – The Supreme Court held that while non-supply of the preliminary inquiry report did not cause prejudice, the failure to question the appellant on adverse circumstances under Regulation 6(17) and the reliance on an undisclosed CVC recommendation amounted to serious procedural violations – The dismissal order and High Court’s judgment upholding it were quashed – However, due to passage of time and the appellant's age, only limited relief in the form of gratuity-equivalent lump-sum was granted without full terminal benefits or back wages [Paras 1–6, 18–31, 44–73].

Preliminary Inquiry Report – Not Relied Upon – No Violation of Natural Justice – Held that the preliminary inquiry report need not be supplied if it was not relied upon in the final inquiry report – The appellant was allowed full cross-examination and the report was not used against him – No prejudice was caused [Paras 18–30].

Mandatory Procedure – Regulation 6(17) of Vijaya Bank Regulations – Failure to Question Charged Officer – Inquiry Vitiated – The Court held that Regulation 6(17), which mandates that the Inquiry Officer shall generally question the charged officer on the adverse circumstances if he has not examined himself, was not complied with – Such questioning is a mandatory procedural safeguard and failure to comply invalidated the inquiry – No requirement to show prejudice where natural justice is violated [Paras 31–56].

Natural Justice – No Need to Prove Prejudice – Violation of Procedural Safeguards is Sufficient – The Court reiterated the settled principle that where a rule of fair hearing is violated, especially under Article 14, prejudice is presumed – The High Court erred in requiring the appellant to show specific prejudice from non-questioning and non-disclosure – Violation itself is sufficient [Paras 1–6, 44–45].

Disciplinary Authority – CVC Recommendation Not Supplied – Punishment Based on Undisclosed Material – The disciplinary authority altered the proposed penalty of compulsory retirement to dismissal solely on the basis of the CVC’s advice – The report was not furnished to the appellant – The Court held this to be a violation of procedural fairness and set aside the dismissal on this ground as well [Paras 59–64].

Claim of Privilege – CVC Recommendation Not Protected – Must Be Disclosed – The Court rejected the bank’s claim that the CVC recommendation was privileged – Held: The document was not related to affairs of the State or national security and its disclosure was necessary for a fair hearing – Reliance on such undisclosed material is impermissible [Paras 65–70].

Relief – Dismissal Set Aside – Limited Monetary Relief Ordered – The Supreme Court set aside the dismissal order and quashed the High Court’s judgment – Considering the appellant’s age and time lapse, he was granted a lump sum equal to gratuity without interest – No full back wages or terminal benefits were allowed – Interest at 9% p.a. payable only if the amount is not disbursed within eight weeks [Paras 72–73].

Decision – Dismissal Quashed – High Court Judgment Set Aside – Appeal Allowed – The appeal was allowed and the High Court’s judgment confirming the dismissal was set aside – The Court directed limited monetary relief and left the question of continuation of disciplinary proceedings after superannuation open – No costs awarded [Paras 74–76].

Criminal Law – Conviction under Section 411 IPC – Theft Not Proved – Conviction Unsustainable – Appellant was convicted under Section 411 IPC for allegedly receiving stolen property after helping co-accused dispose of a dead body – However, both appellant and co-accused had been acquitted under Section 379 IPC for theft – Supreme Court held that conviction under Section 411 cannot survive absent proof of theft – Held: Property must first be established as stolen for Section 411 to apply – Mere possession of money without proof of theft or knowledge cannot sustain conviction. Acquittal. [Paras 15-16].

Burden of Proof – Presumption Under Section 114 of Evidence Act – Not Applicable Without Foundational Facts – High Court wrongly placed reverse burden on appellant to explain possession of cash – Supreme Court clarified that presumption under Section 114 illustration (a) is applicable only when theft is first proved – Held: Prosecution failed to establish foundational fact that recovered cash was stolen property – Conviction unsustainable [Paras 14-14.2].

Circumstantial Evidence – Failure to Establish Complete Chain – Prosecution’s Case Collapses – Case hinged entirely on circumstantial evidence – Prosecution failed to prove complete chain linking appellant to the stolen money – Confessional statement and recovery of Rs. 25,000 did not suffice to establish knowledge of theft – Held: In absence of direct evidence or unbroken chain, benefit of doubt must go to accused [Paras 13-14].

Judicial Approach – Concurrent Acquittal Under Section 379 IPC – Inconsistency in Conviction Under Section 411 – Trial Court and High Court acquitted both accused under theft charges but still convicted under Section 411 – Supreme Court found this contradictory – Held: Once theft not proved, offence of dishonestly receiving stolen property cannot be maintained [Paras 15.5-15.6].

Decision: Held: High Court's conviction of the appellant under Section 411 IPC is set aside – Appellant acquitted of all charges – Bail bonds stand discharged [Paras 17-19].

Civil Law - Compensation Under Telegraph Act - Compensation for Transmission Towers and Right of Way (ROW) – Common Judgment by High Court Set Aside – Case Remanded for Fresh Adjudication – Supreme Court considered a batch of appeals involving compensation for landowners affected by erection of electric transmission towers and lines under the “400 KV Jhajjar Power Transmission System-PPP-1” project across four districts in Haryana. The High Court had granted uniform compensation based on facts from one district (Sonepat), without considering varying characteristics of land across regions, and relying on guidelines issued after the project’s execution. Supreme Court held that the approach adopted by the High Court was flawed, ignored critical evidence, and wrongly applied uniform valuation. It also highlighted legislative gaps under the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, including absence of an appellate remedy. Judgment of the High Court was set aside; matters remanded for fresh consideration. Directions issued to Law Commission and Ministry of Law & Justice to review the statutory framework [Paras 2–39].

Land Acquisition – Telegraph Act, 1885 – Section 16 – No Appeal Mechanism – Finality Clause Problematic – Court found that Section 16 of the Telegraph Act, 1885, which allows District Judges to decide disputes over compensation but bars appeals, results in inconsistent and ineffective adjudication. Remedies varied (some parties filed under Article 226, others under 227), and judicial review was deemed inadequate in fact-intensive matters requiring evidentiary review. Noted the mismatch between this outdated framework and modern infrastructural demands – Recommended legislative intervention to introduce a statutory appellate mechanism [Paras 21–35].

Assessment of Compensation – Uniform Rate Rejected – Evidence-Based Differentiation Necessary –

Supreme Court held that compensation cannot be uniformly fixed based on collector rates of only one district. It must reflect locational value, land use, road access, and other regional factors. Assessment must be based on proper evidence. High Court’s reliance on unproven guidelines and undeclared assumptions was held unjustified. Adjudication must be based on facts specific to each land parcel [Paras 13–17].

MOP Guidelines (2015) – Non-Binding Without State Adoption – Not Retrospectively Applicable – Court clarified that the Ministry of Power guidelines dated 15.10.2015, prescribing compensation norms, are administrative in nature and subject to state adoption. Since Haryana had not adopted them, and they were issued after the project’s initiation and notices, the guidelines had no binding effect – Also held that guidelines could not apply retrospectively to projects executed prior to their issuance [Paras 15, 18].

Judicial Review vs. Statutory Appeal – Need for Procedural Clarity – While the Constitution permits judicial review under Articles 226 and 227, the Court emphasized that adjudication of compensation disputes involving detailed factual analysis should occur before a statutorily empowered appellate body – Highlighted difficulties courts face in reappreciating evidence in writ jurisdiction [Paras 28–31].

Need for Legislative Reform – Appeal, Timelines, Interest, Nomenclature – Court highlighted several legislative shortcomings in the 1885 Act: lack of appellate forum, no statutory timelines, undefined interest rates on delayed payments, and inconsistent nomenclature in lower courts. Recommended that the Law Commission of India and the Ministry of Law & Justice comprehensively examine and reform the Telegraph Act, 1885, and similar legislations, in view of present-day infrastructural and compensation-related challenges [Paras 30–35, 38–39].

Role of High Court – Improper Clubbing of Petitions Without Evidentiary Evaluation – Criticised the High Court for deciding writ petitions from four districts by treating them as factually identical despite differences in geography and land value – Clubbing of cases without examining distinct evidence held unjust and improper – Matter remanded to allow fresh and fair adjudication [Paras 12–17].

Decision: High Court judgment set aside – Matters remanded for fresh adjudication based on individual facts and proper evidence – Directed Law Commission and Central Government to consider amending the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 to include a statutory appellate mechanism, define timelines and procedures for adjudication of compensation, and ensure uniformity in implementation – Appeals allowed accordingly [Paras 37–39].

Criminal Law - Abetment of Suicide – High Court Quashing of FIR – No Prima Facie Case Made – Dismissal of Appeal – The appellant challenged the High Court’s decision quashing the FIR registered against officials and administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli who were named in the suicide note of a seven-time Member of Parliament – The Supreme Court held that the allegations, even if taken at face value, did not amount to abetment of suicide as there was no proximate or specific act of instigation or mens rea established – The suicide note was viewed with suspicion due to its timing and content, which introduced new allegations not raised before the Parliamentary Committee – FIR quashing upheld [Paras 1–6, 22–31, 33–40].

Abetment – Section 306 IPC – Requirement of Mens Rea and Proximate Cause – Allegations Insufficient – The Court reiterated that for abetment to suicide, there must be a clear and proximate link between the accused’s conduct and the suicide, supported by evidence of instigation or intentional aid – Mere allegations of harassment, insults, or humiliation, without a specific actionable event or intention to provoke suicide, do not attract Section 306 IPC [Paras 13–20, 22–24].

Suicide Note – Allegations First Made – No Prior Record – Note Deemed Unreliable – The suicide note introduced serious allegations like extortion and forced takeover for the first time – These were neither included in earlier complaints nor stated before the Privileges Committee – The delay in recovering and reporting the suicide note, and the lack of handwriting verification, led the Court to treat the note with suspicion – Held: Cannot be solely relied upon to prosecute [Paras 29, 35–36].

Privileges Committee Proceedings – No Mention of Core Allegations – Undermines Credibility – The Court noted that during prior Privileges Committee proceedings, the deceased MP made no mention of the Administrator or of extortion claims – The complaints focused on protocol violations and administrative discourtesies – The suicide, occurring 10 days after the Committee took up the matter, lacked any proximate triggering event [Paras 3–4, 29–33].

Mens Rea – Mental Element of Abetment – Victim’s Sensitivity Not Sufficient – The Court emphasized that personal sensitivity or desperation of the deceased cannot substitute for the accused’s mens rea – Abetment requires deliberate and conscious conduct capable of pushing a person to suicide – Generalized harassment or strained relations do not meet the threshold [Paras 19–24].

Presumption Under Evidence Act – Section 113A and 113B Not Applicable – The statutory presumptions under Sections 113A and 113B are limited to specific contexts such as dowry death or suicide by a woman within seven years of marriage – Held: No general presumption of abetment arises merely because a suicide note names individuals, especially in the absence of proximate conduct or intent [Paras 25–28].

Quashing under Section 482 CrPC – Valid Exercise – No Case Made Out – The High Court rightly exercised jurisdiction under Section 482 CrPC to quash proceedings where the FIR and material on record failed to disclose a cognizable offence – Supreme Court upheld the view that the complaint was based on conjecture, hearsay, and lacked foundational material for prosecution [Paras 38–41].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – FIR Quashing Confirmed – The Supreme Court dismissed the criminal appeals filed by the appellant and upheld the High Court’s decision quashing the FIR for abetment to suicide – Held: No case made out against the accused under Section 306 IPC or any related provision – Pending applications also disposed of [Paras 41–42].

Matrimonial Law - Divorce – Mental Cruelty – Decree Affirmed – The marriage between the appellant and respondent was dissolved by decree of divorce under Section 13(1)(a) of the Hindu Marriage Act, which was affirmed by the High Court – Despite the appellant’s willingness to resume marital life, the respondent remained unwilling – The Supreme Court did not interfere with the findings on cruelty or the decree of divorce – Held: Divorce decree rightly upheld by the High Court and no merit found to reverse it [Paras 3.6–3.8, 13].

Permanent Alimony – Quantum Enhanced – One-Time Settlement of ₹50 Lakhs Ordered – The appellant challenged the ₹15,00,000/- alimony awarded by the Family Court and upheld by the High Court – On examining income affidavits and qualifications of both parties, the Supreme Court found the respondent capable of paying more and the appellant capable of some self-sustenance – Held: A just, fair, and reasonable one-time settlement would be ₹50,00,000/- to secure the appellant’s financial future [Paras 6–10, 13].

Financial Capacity – Consideration of Income and Prospects – Balanced Approach Adopted – The respondent, a doctor earning approximately ₹1.4 lakhs/month, had property and financial stability – The appellant, an M.Tech and LL.B graduate, claimed to be unemployed – Court held both factors must be balanced to determine reasonable alimony – Appellant not in acute economic hardship but entitled to a dignified standard of living post-divorce [Paras 7–9].

Installment Schedule – Court Directed Payment Timeline – The Court directed the enhanced amount of ₹50,00,000/- be paid in five equal monthly instalments from September 2025 to January 2026 – Appellant directed to provide bank details for remittance – Held: Payment structure will ensure timely and equitable compliance [Paras 11–12].

Decision – Appeal Partly Allowed – Divorce Decree Upheld – Alimony Enhanced – Supreme Court upheld the decree of divorce but modified the alimony awarded by increasing it from ₹15,00,000/- to ₹50,00,000/- as full and final settlement of all claims arising out of the marriage and litigation – Pending applications also disposed of [Para 13–14].