Criminal Law - Reversal of Acquittal - High Court Conviction - Appeal under Section 2(a) of the Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act, 1970 - Appellant convicted by the High Court under Sections 147, 148, 302/149 IPC for murder, reversing trial court acquittal. Supreme Court examined the credibility of eyewitness testimony and the adequacy of evidence. High Court's judgment reversed, and trial court's acquittal restored. [Paras 1-17]

Eyewitness Testimony - Credibility - Identification of Accused - Held - Testimony of key eyewitnesses found unreliable. Discrepancies in statements, doubtful identification due to poor lighting conditions, and non-production of critical evidence (lantern and torch lights) raised doubts about their presence and observations. [Paras 8-15]

Motive and Circumstances - Lack of Evidence - Held - Prosecution's motive theory deemed doubtful. No enmity between the deceased and the accused established. No reasonable explanation for why the accused would attack the deceased and spare the primary target (PW 1). [Paras 11-12]

Decision - Acquittal Restored - Supreme Court found the trial court's view plausible and not perverse. High Court's interference deemed unwarranted. Appellant acquitted of all charges, conviction and sentence set aside. [Paras 16-17]

Criminal Law - Bail Pending Appeal - High Court Order - Special Leave Petition under Article 136 - Appellant, wife of the deceased, challenged the High Court's order granting bail to the respondent, a sitting M.L.A. convicted under Sections 147, 326 read with Section 149 IPC. Supreme Court held that the High Court failed to consider all relevant facts and primarily relied on the respondent's status as an M.L.A. High Court's order set aside for fresh consideration. [Paras 2-15]

Judicial Discretion - Suspension of Sentence - Section 389 CrPC - Held - High Court must record reasons for suspending the sentence and granting bail. The decision should consider the nature of allegations, findings of the trial court, and the respondent's involvement in similar cases. The mere status of being a sitting M.L.A. is insufficient for granting bail. [Paras 12-14]

Decision - Order Set Aside and Remitted - Supreme Court set aside the High Court's order granting bail and remitted the matter for fresh consideration, directing the High Court to record reasons and consider all relevant factors. Appeal allowed accordingly. [Paras 15-16]

Criminal Law - Rape - Consent - Conviction Appeal - Appellant convicted under Section 376 IPC for raping the prosecutrix in her home, in the presence of her family members. Trial court sentenced him to seven years rigorous imprisonment, reduced to five years by the High Court, which noted the prosecutrix seemed to be a consenting party. Supreme Court found the High Court's observations on consent warranted acquittal. Appeal allowed, conviction set aside, and appellant acquitted. [Paras 2-5]

Credibility of Prosecution - Evidence Analysis - Held - Supreme Court noted the improbability of rape occurring in a small house with several family members present without resistance. The High Court's findings on the prosecutrix's consent were upheld, leading to the conclusion that the rape allegation was possibly concocted to protect family honor. [Paras 4-5]

Decision - Acquittal Ordered - Supreme Court allowed the appeal, set aside the conviction, and ordered the appellant's acquittal. The appellant's bail bonds were discharged. [Para 5]

Criminal Law - Quashing of FIR - Antiquities and Art Treasures Act - Appeals against the High Court's order refusing to quash FIR registered by CBI under Sections 3, 25(1) of the Act. FIR was based on the initial report from the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) declaring certain paintings as antiques. The appellants argued that subsequent developments rendered the FIR redundant. Supreme Court held that procedural developments post-FIR, including re-evaluation by ASI, do not invalidate the FIR. High Court's refusal to quash the FIR upheld. [Paras 3-13]

Judicial Discretion - Article 226 - Extra-ordinary Jurisdiction - Held - The High Court's discretion under Article 226 is exercised to do substantial justice. Appellants failed to challenge the FIR in initial writ petitions, leading to the High Court's refusal to quash it. The Supreme Court affirmed the High Court's stance, emphasizing the need for judicial restraint and discretion. [Paras 10-11]

Decision - Appeals Dismissed - The Supreme Court dismissed the appeals, holding that the trial court must determine the status of the paintings as antiquities based on evidence. The appellants' right to challenge the validity of subsequent ASI reports and minutes was preserved for the trial court's consideration. [Paras 14-16]

Election Law - Pleadings and Issues - Applicability of CPC – Appeal against High Court's decision to reject application for summoning documents related to tendered votes in election petition – Supreme Court examines scope of pleadings and issues in election petitions – Held that strict adherence to statutory provisions required, and relief cannot be granted beyond pleadings – High Court correctly rejected application as issues were framed only concerning six tendered votes, not ten – No roving inquiry allowed. [Paras 3-10]

Doctrine of Equity and Substantial Justice - Application in Election Petitions – Consideration of whether principles of equity and substantial justice can override statutory election law requirements – Supreme Court reiterates that election petitions are statutory proceedings governed strictly by statutory provisions – Equity and common law principles do not apply unless embodied in statute – Court's role confined to examining issues based on pleadings. [Paras 11-12]

Recounting and Tendered Votes - Conditions for Recounting – Appeal addressing whether all tendered votes should be recounted when only six were in issue – Supreme Court outlines conditions for recounting votes, including prima facie case, detailed pleadings, and protection of ballot secrecy – Held that recounting all ten tendered votes not permissible without specific pleadings and issues – High Court's decision upheld. [Paras 13-15]

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Supreme Court dismisses the appeal, upholding High Court's decision to limit inquiry to six tendered votes as per pleadings and issues – No interference warranted in absence of specific challenge to remaining four votes – Statutory requirements of election law strictly applied. [Paras 24-29]

Euthanasia - Right to Die with Dignity - Article 21 of the Constitution – Writ petition under Article 32 seeking euthanasia for Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug who has been in a persistent vegetative state for 36 years – Supreme Court examines whether the right to die with dignity is part of the right to life under Article 21 – Court reviews international precedents and Indian law on euthanasia and passive euthanasia – Held that passive euthanasia is permissible under certain conditions and guidelines, while active euthanasia is illegal. [Paras 2-15]

Medical Examination - Assessment of Vegetative State – Appeal concerning the physical and mental condition of Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug – Supreme Court directs a team of three eminent doctors to examine her thoroughly and submit a report – Team includes Dr. J.V. Divatia, Dr. Roop Gursahani, and Dr. Nilesh Shah – Purpose is to ascertain her exact condition and whether she can recover – Court emphasizes need for accurate medical facts before making a decision. [Paras 10-11]

Locus Standi - Next Friend – Examination of the locus standi of the petitioner, Pinki Virani, who filed the petition as the next friend of Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug – Supreme Court to consider whether she has the standing to represent Aruna in this matter – Court indicates that the issue of locus standi will be addressed during the final hearing. [Para 14]

Decision – Interim Directions Issued – Supreme Court appoints a team of three doctors to examine Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug and submit a detailed report on her condition – Notice issued to the Attorney General of India to assist the court – Mr. T.R. Andhyarujina appointed as amicus curiae – Final hearing scheduled for 22nd February 2011 – Court to decide on the question of euthanasia and locus standi based on the medical report and further arguments. [Paras 10-15]

Criminal Law - Conviction for Murder - Criminal Appeal - Offence Re-classification - Conviction u/s 302 IPC modified to Section 304 Part I IPC - Appellants initially convicted of murder and attempt to murder for attacking Buta Singh and others over a dispute related to the construction of a drain. Injuries caused with a Gandasi and Dangs. Supreme Court held that the nature of the injuries and the sudden altercation did not indicate a premeditated intention to kill. Conviction modified from Section 302 IPC to Section 304 Part I IPC. Sentences accordingly reduced. [Paras 1-5]

Nature of Injuries - Analysis - Held - Evidence showed injuries were inflicted during a sudden quarrel and not with a premeditated intent to kill. Gandasi used from the blunt side, indicating no intention to cause fatal injuries. [Para 5]

Decision - Modification of Conviction and Sentence - Court modified the conviction from murder (Section 302 IPC) to culpable homicide not amounting to murder (Section 304 Part I IPC). Appellants sentenced to 5 years rigorous imprisonment with the other parts of the sentence maintained. Appeals dismissed with modification. [Para 5]

Criminal Law - Sentencing - Death Penalty - Commutation to Life Imprisonment - Appeal against the death sentence for rape and murder of a minor - Supreme Court held that despite the gravity of the crime, the appellant's young age and potential for rehabilitation warranted commutation of the death sentence. The life imprisonment sentence is to extend to the appellant's natural life, subject to remission by the government. [Paras 1-3]

Mitigating Circumstances - Consideration - Held - The appellant's age and possibility of reformation considered significant. The trial court's omission to provide adequate opportunity to plead on the question of sentence under Sections 235(2) and 354(3) CrPC noted but found not to materially affect the outcome. [Para 2-3]

Decision - Commutation of Death Sentence - Court commuted the death sentence to life imprisonment, specifying it must extend to the appellant's full natural life, subject to any remission or commutation for good reasons by the government. Appeal disposed of with this modification. [Para 3]

Election Law - Pleadings and Issues - Applicability of CPC – Appeal against High Court's decision to reject application for summoning documents related to tendered votes in election petition – Supreme Court examines scope of pleadings and issues in election petitions – Held that strict adherence to statutory provisions required, and relief cannot be granted beyond pleadings – High Court correctly rejected application as issues were framed only concerning six tendered votes, not ten – No roving inquiry allowed. [Paras 3-10]

Doctrine of Equity and Substantial Justice - Application in Election Petitions – Consideration of whether principles of equity and substantial justice can override statutory election law requirements – Supreme Court reiterates that election petitions are statutory proceedings governed strictly by statutory provisions – Equity and common law principles do not apply unless embodied in statute – Court's role confined to examining issues based on pleadings. [Paras 11-12]

Recounting and Tendered Votes - Conditions for Recounting – Appeal addressing whether all tendered votes should be recounted when only six were in issue – Supreme Court outlines conditions for recounting votes, including prima facie case, detailed pleadings, and protection of ballot secrecy – Held that recounting all ten tendered votes not permissible without specific pleadings and issues – High Court's decision upheld. [Paras 13-15]

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Supreme Court dismisses the appeal, upholding High Court's decision to limit inquiry to six tendered votes as per pleadings and issues – No interference warranted in absence of specific challenge to remaining four votes – Statutory requirements of election law strictly applied. [Paras 24-29]