Criminal Law – Rape Conviction – Appellant convicted under Section 376 IPC and sentenced to seven years rigorous imprisonment – High Court affirmed trial court's judgment – Supreme Court dismisses appeal, upholding conviction based on victim's age and clear evidence of non-consensual sexual assault [Paras 1-14].

Victim’s Age and Consent – School certificate and testimony established prosecutrix's age as 13 years 9 months at the time of the incident – Issue of consent irrelevant due to her minor status – Medical evidence indicating previous sexual activity immaterial to the determination of rape [Paras 2-4].

Medical Examination and Two-Finger Test – Critique of the two-finger test as violating rape survivors' rights to privacy, physical and mental integrity, and dignity – Even if the test indicates habitual sexual intercourse, it does not negate the occurrence of rape – Medical opinion on prior sexual activity does not affect the finding of rape on the occasion in question [Paras 7-13].

Victim's Character – Irrelevance of the victim's sexual history – Supreme Court emphasizes that a woman of easy virtue or previous sexual activity has the right to refuse sexual intercourse – Character evidence inadmissible unless directly in issue under Sections 53 and 54 of the Evidence Act, 1872 [Paras 9-10].

International Standards – Reference to international covenants affirming the rights of rape survivors to dignity and humane treatment – States' obligations to ensure non-retraumatizing legal recourse and appropriate medical care [Para 12].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Held – Conviction and sentence affirmed – No special circumstances warranting interference [Para 14].

Criminal Law – Kidnapping and Gang Rape – Appellants convicted under Sections 366 and 376(2)(g) IPC – Victim's consistent testimony over multiple dates – Trial court criticized for lengthy adjournments enabling witnesses to turn hostile – High Court affirmed convictions and sentences – Supreme Court upholds convictions emphasizing fiduciary duty of teachers and applicability of Section 114A of the Evidence Act [Paras 1-22].

Witness Testimony – Hostility and Reliability – Victim and her mother initially supported prosecution case but later turned hostile due to alleged pressure – Court underscores responsibility of witnesses to testify truthfully – Hostile witness testimony can still support prosecution's case to the extent it is consistent with other evidence [Paras 4-8].

Adjournments and Fair Trial – Critique of trial court for allowing extensive adjournments in rape case – Emphasis on the need for continuous and expeditious trial under Section 309 CrPC – Delayed trials enable manipulation of witnesses and undermine justice [Paras 10-15].

Section 114A of Evidence Act – Presumption Against Consent – Applicability in cases involving fiduciary relationships like that between teachers and students – Prosecution's burden eased by presumption against consent which was not rebutted by the appellants [Paras 18-21].

Teacher-Student Relationship – Elevated Duty of Care – Teachers' role in protecting and nurturing students – Breach of trust in cases of sexual violence by teachers warrants severe punishment – Supreme Court suggests life imprisonment would have been appropriate given the gravity of the offense and relationship dynamics [Paras 16-22].

Decision – Appeals Dismissed – Held – Conviction and sentence of 10 years rigorous imprisonment affirmed – No interference warranted given the facts and legal principles involved [Para 23].

Land Acquisition – Compensation – Appeals against compensation awarded for land acquisition in various states – Different districts and notifications considered – High Court's uniform rate of Rs. 235/- per sq. yard challenged – Supreme Court reassesses compensation based on potentiality for development and proximity to developed areas – Uniform compensation for similar lands determined with cumulative annual increase of 12% [Paras 1-48].

Development Deductions – Calculation and Justification – High Court's imposition of 60% development deduction deemed excessive – Appropriate deduction for developed municipal areas set at 33 1/3% – Courts instructed to consider location and existing amenities in determining development deductions [Paras 26-28, 45].

Annual Increase – Cumulative Basis – 12% annual increase to be calculated on a cumulative basis – Enhancements in line with potential and actual rise in land values – Methodology reaffirmed to ensure fair compensation [Paras 19-23, 42].

Comparative Sales – Reliability and Adjustment – Use of sale transactions for determining market value – Adjustments made for size and development stage of plots – Court emphasizes need for realistic comparison with similar lands [Paras 15-18, 40].

Decision – Appeals Partly Allowed – Held – Compensation re-assessed at Rs. 325/- per sq. yard with 33 1/3% development deduction – Cumulative annual increase applied – Modified compensation to reflect fair market value and potential for future development [Paras 34-48].

Criminal Law – Rape and Murder Conviction – Appellant convicted under Sections 302 and 376 IPC for the rape and murder of a minor – Conviction based on circumstantial evidence including the appellant’s presence at the crime scene, motive, and medical evidence – Supreme Court upholds the conviction and sentence of life imprisonment and ten years rigorous imprisonment respectively [Paras 1-9].

Circumstantial Evidence – Evaluation – Presence of appellant at the crime scene established through witness testimony – Appellant’s suspicious behavior and absence from the village post-incident considered – Medical evidence corroborates the cause of death and confirms sexual assault – No missing link in the chain of circumstantial evidence [Paras 1-7].

Motive – Prior Misconduct – Previous incident of appellant's misbehavior with victim's sister established – Appellant had a grudge due to past humiliation by the victim’s family – Evidence supported by testimonies of the victim’s mother and sister – Motive deemed credible and justified [Paras 3, 8].

313 CrPC Statement – Appellant’s Defense – Simple denial of allegations without substantial explanation – Claim of false implication due to enmity not substantiated by any evidence – Inimical relationship with the complainant’s family related to past misbehavior incident [Paras 4, 8].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Held – Conviction and sentence affirmed – No grounds for interference found by the Supreme Court [Para 9].

Criminal Law – Rape and Murder Conviction – Appellant convicted under Sections 376 and 302 IPC for the rape and murder of a four-year-old child – Conviction based on circumstantial evidence, witness testimonies, and medical reports – Supreme Court upholds the conviction but substitutes the death sentence with life imprisonment due to procedural deficiencies and lack of forensic evidence [Paras 1-48].

Circumstantial Evidence – Reliability – Prosecution relied on witness testimonies and medical evidence – Witnesses identified appellant carrying the child after the assault – Appellant's failure to provide a credible explanation regarding his possession of the child invoked Section 114 of the Evidence Act [Paras 24-36].

Procedural Deficiencies – Inadequate Investigation and Trial – Investigation lacked forensic evidence and thorough site inspection – Deficiencies in framing charges and examining the accused under Section 313 CrPC highlighted – Supreme Court emphasizes the need for meticulous procedure in cases involving death penalty [Paras 13-15, 41].

Death Penalty – Substitution with Life Imprisonment – Court considers mitigating factors including procedural lapses and the appellant's socio-economic background – Sentence of life imprisonment with a minimum of 18 years actual imprisonment deemed appropriate – Case for remission under CrPC to be considered only after serving 18 years [Paras 37-47].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed with Modification – Held – Conviction affirmed, death sentence substituted with life imprisonment – Appellant to serve a minimum of 18 years before eligibility for remission [Para 48].

Criminal Law – Murder Conviction – Appellant convicted under Section 302 RPC for the murder of Gani Shah – Conviction based on witness testimonies and circumstantial evidence – Supreme Court upholds the conviction and life imprisonment sentence [Paras 1-21].

Witness Testimony – Consistency and Reliability – Six eyewitnesses, including family members and neighbors, testified consistently about the appellant's presence and actions at the crime scene – Testimonies corroborated by each other and considered reliable [Paras 13-19].

Procedural Aspects – Investigation and Trial – Initial slow and inadequate investigation highlighted – Absence of post-mortem and recovery of the weapon noted – Eyewitnesses examined with delays but found credible by the court – Trial and high court judgments affirmed based on the strength of witness testimonies [Paras 7-9, 19].

Motive – Rejection of Marriage Proposal – Appellant's motive established through consistent witness statements – Refusal of marriage proposal to the deceased's daughter led to the murder [Para 2].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Held – Conviction and life imprisonment sentence affirmed – Appellant directed to surrender within one month [Paras 20-21].

Civil Procedure – Jurisdiction of Small Causes Court – Appeals against judgments affirming Small Causes Court decrees which decided the issue of landlord-tenant relationship – Small Causes Court held to have limited jurisdiction to decide title issues – Findings of title by Small Causes Court not to operate as res judicata in subsequent suits on title [Paras 1-10].

Res Judicata – Applicability – Small Causes Court decisions on title considered incidental, not substantial – High Court's affirmation of title in Small Causes Court decrees challenged – Supreme Court emphasizes jurisdictional limits and affirms non-applicability of res judicata in subsequent suits [Paras 7-9].

Inherent Powers – Section 151 CPC – Scope – Inherent powers to be used in absence of specific remedy – Cannot conflict with express provisions – Review petition dismissed under inherent powers affirmed – Appropriate use in setting aside ex parte orders obtained by fraud [Paras 20-25].

Title and Ownership – Life Interest under Hindu Succession Act – Dispute over life estate converted to absolute ownership – Section 14(2) applies to retain life interest under Will or gift – Courts upheld life interest without absolute title [Paras 6-7, 9].

Land Acquisition – Compensation – Reference Court jurisdiction – Reference Court bound by scope defined in Section 18 or Section 30 – Cannot entertain applications for apportionment directly – Parties directed to seek remedy before appropriate forum [Paras 30-32].

Decision – Appeals Allowed – Held – Judgments of lower courts set aside – Respondents directed to seek appropriate remedy through permissible legal proceedings [Para 33].

Civil Procedure – Suit for Declaration – Maintainability – Appeal against dismissal of suit for declaration of title and invalidity of sale deed without seeking consequential relief of possession – High Court held suit not maintainable under Section 34 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 – Supreme Court upholds the decision emphasizing the need for consequential relief in cases involving property possession [Paras 1-18].

Hindu Succession – Female Hindu Succession – Appellant claimed title based on being reversioner after life estate holder's death – Respondent argued acquisition of absolute title by Hindu widow – Supreme Court holds widow had only life estate as per terms of original donation deed – Absolute title not acquired under Hindu Succession Act, 1956 [Paras 10-11].

Declaratory Suit – Consequential Relief – Proviso to Section 34 – Importance of seeking consequential relief to avoid multiplicity of proceedings and loss of court fees – Suit for declaration alone insufficient when defendant in possession and capable of delivering possession – Supreme Court affirms necessity of consequential relief for enforceable decree [Paras 16-18].

Adverse Possession – Prescription – High Court’s erroneous consideration of adverse possession – High Court reversed trial court and First Appellate Court findings without evidence – Supreme Court reaffirms that no adverse possession perfected by respondent [Paras 12-13].

Decision – Appeals Dismissed – Held – High Court's dismissal of suit affirmed – Declaratory decree without consequential relief deemed non-maintainable – Appeals lack merit and dismissed with no order as to costs [Para 18].

Criminal Law – Rape and Criminal Intimidation Conviction – Appellant convicted under Sections 376 and 506B IPC – Victim's testimony corroborated by medical evidence – Trial court and High Court affirmed conviction and sentence of seven years rigorous imprisonment and a fine – Supreme Court upholds the conviction and sentence, emphasizing the irrelevance of consent from a minor [Paras 1-8].

Victim’s Testimony – Reliability – Consistent and detailed account of assault – Supported by witness testimonies and medical evidence – Court dismisses appellant's claim of consensual intercourse based on victim's minor status [Paras 2-5].

Medical Evidence – Determination of Age – Victim’s age determined to be 14 years based on dental examination and secondary sexual characteristics – Medical evidence affirmed by trial and High Court – Supreme Court concurs with findings [Paras 3, 6-8].

Consent and Legal Age – Consent from minor deemed irrelevant under law – Appellant's conviction for rape upheld despite claim of consensual intercourse – Emphasis on statutory protection for minors against sexual exploitation [Paras 7-8].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Held – Conviction and sentence of seven years rigorous imprisonment and fine affirmed – No grounds for interference found by the Supreme Court [Para 8].