E-Auction Process – Bid Mistake – The appellant's bid of 140.10% in an e-auction for a mining lease, significantly higher than the preceding bid of 104.05%, was claimed to be a typographical error – The Supreme Court held that the system's lack of a mechanism to rectify such errors and the appellant’s immediate attempt to inform the respondents constituted a bona fide mistake – The Court recognized the principles of proportionality and reasonableness in addressing the appellant’s grievance [Paras 10-20].

Equitable Relief – Mistake in Bid – The Court applied the principles from W.B. State Electricity Board v. Patel Engg. Co. Ltd., allowing equitable relief when a mistake is promptly reported – The appellant’s actions were deemed bona fide, and the error was not intended to gain undue advantage [Paras 15-19].

Doctrine of Proportionality – Applying the doctrine, the Court noted that forfeiture of the entire security deposit for a bona fide error was punitive and disproportionate – Directed the appellant to pay Rs 3 crore instead, balancing state and private interests [Paras 23-25].

Decision – Appeal partly allowed – Impugned communication quashed – Directed fresh e-auction and appellant to pay Rs 3 crore to the first respondent, failing which the bank guarantee may be encashed – Part of the amount to be used for local charitable purposes [Paras 26-27].

Constitutional Law – Scheduled Castes – Authority to Amend – The State Government of Bihar's resolution to merge the caste "Tanti-Tantwa" with 'Pan/Sawasi' in the Scheduled Castes list was challenged – Held, the State Government lacks the authority to amend or alter the Scheduled Castes list, which can only be done by Parliament through legislation – The resolution was found to be unconstitutional and was quashed [Paras 1-25].

Judicial Review – Competence of State Government – The Court emphasized that the competence to modify the Scheduled Castes list lies solely with Parliament under Article 341 – State Government's action was beyond its jurisdiction and deemed mala fide – High Court's support of the State's resolution was erroneous [Paras 12-36].

Impact on Beneficiaries – Posts filled under the impugned resolution – Directed that the posts under Scheduled Castes quota filled by "Tanti-Tantwa" members be returned to Scheduled Castes category – The affected members to be accommodated under their original category of Extremely Backward Classes [Paras 39-42].

Decision: Appeals allowed – Resolution dated 01.07.2015 quashed – Posts to be reallocated appropriately.

Family Law – Interim Maintenance – Appellant sought full payment of arrears of interim maintenance – Respondent directed to pay only 20% of the total arrears by the High Court – Supreme Court modifies this, directing payment of Rs. 2 crores as a one-time settlement considering financial status, social standing, and ongoing litigation – Judgment reaffirms that maintenance is to prevent destitution rather than punishment [Paras 1-33].

Irretrievable Breakdown of Marriage – Dissolution – Marriage between parties found irretrievably broken down due to prolonged separation and multiple failed reconciliations – Supreme Court exercises its power under Article 142 of the Constitution to dissolve the marriage, underscoring the futility of continuing a dead marriage [Paras 14-21].

Maintenance Considerations – Permanent Alimony – Principles for determining alimony discussed – Factors include income, lifestyle, dependents, obligations, and future prospects of both parties – Balanced approach towards determining fair amount – Rs. 2 crores fixed as permanent alimony to be paid by respondent to appellant within four months [Paras 22-33].

Decision – Appeals allowed – Marriage dissolved under Article 142 – Permanent alimony of Rs. 2 crores awarded – All pending cases to be disposed of accordingly [Paras 34-37].

Compromise Decree – Legal Validity – The compromise decree dated 20.08.1984 was contested on the grounds that no written compromise signed by the parties was presented, thus failing the requirements under Order XXIII Rule 3 CPC – The Supreme Court held that mere statements by parties do not satisfy the legal mandate of a written and signed compromise – Order XXIII Rule 3 CPC requires a lawful agreement in writing, without which the decree cannot be considered valid [Paras 12-23].

Doctrine of Lis Pendens – Applicability – The Court analyzed the effect of the sale deed executed on 22.08.1983 during the pendency of the appeal – Held that the sale deed is not affected by the doctrine of lis pendens under Section 52 of the TP Act as the statements by parties indicated collusive conduct – The purchaser's rights were upheld despite the pending litigation, as the sale deed was not challenged [Paras 17-18].

Compromise and Agreement – Requirements under CPC – Emphasized that a compromise decree must be based on a written agreement signed by the parties and proven before the Court – The lack of such a document rendered the alleged compromise in the first appeal invalid [Paras 19-21].

Decision – Appeal allowed – Orders of High Court and first Appellate Court set aside – Trial Court’s judgment dismissing the suit confirmed – Reiterated the necessity of strict adherence to procedural requirements for compromises under Order XXIII Rule 3 CPC [Paras 24-25].

SEBI Regulation – Liquidation of Attached Assets – Petitioners sought directions for SEBI to liquidate assets and distribute proceeds to investors – Court constituted a High-Powered Sale Committee (HPSC) to auction assets and ensure investor claims are satisfied – HPSC to involve experts, create a property database, and engage e-auction service providers [Paras 1-18].

Article 142 of the Constitution – Complete Justice – Court invoked Article 142 powers to constitute HPSC to address the complexity and ensure justice – SEBI and Petitioners directed to fully cooperate with HPSC – Petitioners’ interim bail granted due to long incarceration and ongoing trials [Paras 6-17].

Investor Refund Process – HPSC tasked to identify investors, determine refund amounts, and manage the escrow account – Refund process to be publicized widely – Emphasis on a transparent and efficient refund process [Para 8].

Remuneration of HPSC Members – Court outlined remuneration for HPSC Chairperson and members, reimbursable from sale proceeds – HPSC to ensure timely liquidation and refund process [Para 11-12].

Administrative Assistance – SEBI to assist HPSC with office setup and infrastructure – HPSC to manage website and process claims/objections – Completion of the sale process targeted within one year [Para 10].

Decision: Writ Petition allowed – HPSC constituted to oversee asset liquidation and investor refund – Petitioners granted interim bail – SEBI and concerned states directed to cooperate with HPSC [Paras 7, 17].

Sentencing Principles – Proportionality and Gravity – The Supreme Court reiterated the principle that sentencing should be proportionate to the nature and gravity of the offence committed – The courts must ensure that the punishment reflects the seriousness of the crime and serves the interests of society while not being unduly lenient or harsh [Paras 2-4].

Bigamy – Serious Offence – The Court emphasized that bigamy, as defined under Section 494, IPC, is a serious offence deserving substantial punishment – The maximum sentence prescribed is seven years of imprisonment, reflecting the legislature's view on its seriousness [Paras 14-15].

Undue Leniency – Flea-Bite Sentence – The High Court's imposition of 'imprisonment till the rising of the court' was deemed too lenient for the serious offence of bigamy – The Court held that such a sentence did not align with the principles of proportionality and did not serve as an adequate deterrent [Paras 15-18].

Enhancement of Sentence – The Supreme Court modified the sentence imposed on the accused from 'imprisonment till the rising of the court' to six months of simple imprisonment – The fine was also adjusted from Rs. 20,000 each to Rs. 2,000 each, with a default sentence of three months of simple imprisonment for non-payment [Paras 19-20].

Special Circumstances – Child’s Welfare – Considering the welfare of the child born to the accused, the Court ordered a staggered surrender for serving the sentences – First, the second accused would serve the sentence, followed by the first accused after the second accused's release, ensuring continuous parental care for the child [Para 20].

Decision – Appeal allowed – The Supreme Court enhanced the sentence of the accused to six months of simple imprisonment with a reduced fine – The Court ordered a special arrangement for the surrender of the accused to protect the welfare of their young child [Paras 20-21].

Foreigners Act – Burden of Proof – Appellant declared a foreigner for failing to discharge the burden under Section 9 of the Foreigners Act – Tribunal’s finding based on insufficient evidence and improper procedural handling – Supreme Court emphasized the need for authorities to have concrete material before alleging a person’s foreigner status – Miscarriage of justice identified due to lack of initial evidence and procedural errors by authorities – Appellant’s consistent documentation of residence in India before the cut-off date considered significant [Paras 1-38].

Citizenship – Proof of Nationality – Appellant presented voter lists and certificates showing his and his parents’ residence in India prior to 1971 – Tribunal dismissed these documents based on minor discrepancies – Supreme Court held that minor discrepancies in names and dates in voter lists and other documents are not sufficient grounds to dismiss claims of citizenship – Emphasis on careful consideration of evidence in cases with severe consequences like deportation [Paras 39-45].

Procedure – Natural Justice – Tribunal and authorities failed to provide sufficient material and grounds to appellant at the inception of the proceedings – Violation of natural justice principles – Supreme Court stressed the necessity of sharing material with the accused to allow for a fair defense – Tribunal’s actions deemed procedurally flawed and unjust [Paras 36-42].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Tribunal’s and High Court’s decisions set aside – Appellant declared an Indian citizen – Authorities directed to issue necessary documentation confirming appellant’s citizenship [Para 45-48].

Misuse of Criminal Proceedings in Commercial Dispute – Appeal against frivolous criminal proceedings initiated for personal vengeance in a civil matter – Accusations of cheating and forgery in a financial transaction between corporate entities – Abusing legal system by disguising a commercial dispute as a criminal case, leading to unnecessary litigation and misuse of judicial resources [Paras 2, 14, 32-34].

False Claims and Jurisdiction Manipulation – Manipulation of jurisdiction by providing misleading addresses – Complainant filed case in an inappropriate forum with false addresses, demonstrating a malicious attempt to harass and abuse the legal process [Paras 22-24, 27, 33].

Investment and Shareholding Dispute – Dispute over investment and shareholding in private companies – Decision of the complainant to invest in equity misrepresented as a loan transaction – Shareholding affected by merger and amalgamation of companies, a subject of civil law [Paras 4-7, 27-30, 35].

Delayed Legal Recourse and Arbitration Proceedings – Delay in taking legal steps for recovery of alleged dues – Dispute referred to arbitration by Delhi High Court, highlighting its civil nature [Paras 15, 32, 35].

Decision and Imposition of Costs – Appeals allowed, FIR and subsequent proceedings against appellants quashed – Imposition of costs on the complainant for misuse of legal system and false litigation, to be deposited for the benefit of legal community [Paras 36-39].

Land Acquisition – Determination of Market Value – Assessment of market value of acquired land for flood protection wall – Appeals concerning compensation awarded by Land Acquisition Officer and Reference Court – High Court’s rejection of Blue Zone classification as per statutory requirements – Supreme Court upholds Reference Court’s award for market value at Rs. 100 per sq. ft., with no deductions for development charges considering acquisition purpose [Paras 1-74].

Potentiality of Land – Evaluation of Non-Agricultural Use – Analysis of land’s potentiality for non-agricultural use at the time of acquisition notification – Recognition of surrounding developments and existing municipal limits – Examination of comparable sale instances – Supreme Court concurs with Reference Court’s findings on land potential and comparable market rates [Paras 30-46].

Evidence and Procedural Requirements – Admissibility of Secondary Evidence – Evaluation of evidence provided by parties, including maps and affidavits – Court emphasizes need for definitive statutory evidence when relying on regulatory restrictions like ‘Blue Zone’ – Affidavit from State clarifying applicable bylaws and regulations during relevant period considered [Paras 18-29, 37-45].

Market Value Determination – Comparable Sales Methodology – Analysis of sale exemplars provided – Emphasis on selecting transactions between unrelated parties – Rejection of suspicious transactions close to notification date – Supreme Court supports Reference Court’s use of unrelated transactions at Rs. 100 per sq. ft. for valuation [Paras 53-64].

Statutory Benefits – Grant of Additional Compensation – Directions for interest on enhanced compensation amount – Period for rental compensation established – Court orders adjustments to reflect accurate statutory entitlements [Paras 67-73].

Decision: Civil Appeals partly allowed – High Court judgments set aside – Market value for land fixed at Rs. 100 per sq. ft. for specified portions, with statutory benefits upheld – Appeals dismissed in related cases – No order as to costs [Paras 1-74].