Environmental Law – Imposition of Damages – Section 33 Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 – Forest Department imposed damages of Rs. 10 Crores on respondents for discharging effluents causing environmental damage to the National Chambal Sanctuary – High Court set aside the order for violation of natural justice and lack of authority under Section 33 to impose damages – Supreme Court upheld High Court’s decision – Forest Department has wide powers under Section 33 to take steps for the security and preservation of wildlife and the sanctuary but cannot impose damages directly – Authority can seek closure of institution and other measures after following principles of natural justice – Appropriate proceedings must be initiated to determine damages [Paras 1-6].

Principles of Natural Justice – No Show Cause Notice – Order imposing damages found in violation of principles of natural justice – No show cause notice issued before imposing damages – High Court’s decision setting aside the damages upheld [Paras 3-4].

Decision: Appeals disposed of with observations – Authority may take necessary steps under Section 33 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 to stop effluent discharge and protect the environment and wildlife in accordance with law and principles of natural justice – No direct imposition of damages allowed [Paras 6-7].

Culpable Homicide – Not Amounting to Murder – Section 304-II IPC – Appellants convicted for culpable homicide not amounting to murder – No premeditation to commit murder – Assault occurred during a sudden verbal altercation – Weapons (sticks and brick) were picked up from the scene – Single blow inflicted by each accused on the deceased – No unlawful assembly formed with a common object – Conviction under Section 302 IPC set aside – Conviction under Section 304-II IPC and other sections maintained [Paras 21-23].

Injury and Weapon – Nature and Impact – Injuries inflicted with sticks and a brick during the altercation – Injuries on the vital parts (head and neck) sufficient in ordinary course to cause death but were unintentional – No repeated assault [Paras 19-21].

Decision: Appeals partly allowed – Conviction under Section 302 IPC set aside – Appellants convicted under Section 304-II IPC – Sentence for the period already undergone – Appellants to be released forthwith unless required in any other case [Paras 24-25].

Anticipatory Bail – Section 438 CrPC – Seriousness of Offences – Respondent accused of physically assaulting and sexually exploiting the appellant, capturing obscene photographs and videos – High Court granted anticipatory bail despite ongoing investigation and non-cooperation from respondent – Supreme Court set aside anticipatory bail due to the seriousness of the offences and the need for custodial interrogation to recover evidence [Paras 1-18].

Cancellation of Anticipatory Bail – Grounds – High Court’s order was cursory, accepting respondent’s claims without sufficient scrutiny – Respondent, a police officer, misused his position to lodge false reports against the appellant – State’s detailed counter-affidavit supported the appellant’s claims and highlighted the need for further investigation [Paras 3-13].

Legal Principles – Anticipatory Bail – Courts must consider nature and gravity of accusation, role of accused, potential for influencing investigation, and likelihood of tampering with evidence – Grant of anticipatory bail should balance protection from unjustified detention and need for thorough investigation [Paras 14-15].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court’s order granting anticipatory bail set aside – Respondent to surrender within two weeks or face arrest – Regular bail application to be considered on merits without influence from current observations [Paras 18-21].

Auction Sale – Rule 60, Second Schedule, Income Tax Act – Recovery of Debts – The right to set aside an auction sale under Rule 60 is a valuable right for the judgment debtor to save his property – Mistake by Recovery Officer in specifying exact amount payable cannot prejudice the debtor’s right – Substantial compliance with Rule 60 must be considered if debtor acted promptly and in good faith – High Court's decision quashed for being overly technical and not considering the judgment debtor's bona fide compliance [Paras 6-8].

Valuable Right – Substantial Compliance – The legislative intent of Rule 60 is to give the debtor a final opportunity to save their property – Courts should not allow this right to be defeated on technical grounds – Judgment debtor should not suffer due to Recovery Officer’s error in specifying the amount payable [Paras 6.3-6.4].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court’s judgment set aside – DRAT's decision to annul the auction sale restored – Appellant directed to compensate respondents with an additional sum for justice [Para 8].

Civil Law – Religious Endowments – Suit jewellery claimed by the appellant as private property – Jewellery kept in the Temple's Kudavarai and used for adorning the deity during festivals – Concurrent findings by three courts affirming the jewellery as a specific endowment to the deity – Dedication inferred from long possession and use for religious purposes [Paras 15-25].

Specific Endowment – Evidence and Inference – Evidence showed jewellery was donated by the ancestors of appellant – Suit jewellery recorded in the Temple's register as endowment – Long possession and usage for adorning the deity confirmed the public nature of the endowment – Appellant's claim based on inheritance from adoptive parents rejected [Paras 15-19].

Bar of Res Judicata – Prior Suit – Previous suit dismissed for technical reasons, not on merits – Subsequent suit for declaration of title and injunction not barred by res judicata or constructive res judicata – Plea of Order II Rule 2 of CPC also rejected as causes of action in the suits were different [Paras 26-34].

Decision – Appeals dismissed – High Court's judgment and decree of declaration of specific endowment upheld – Direction to appellant to hand over the keys of the Kudavarai and the suit jewellery to the Temple authorities during festival times – Appellant restrained from interfering with the Temple's right to use the jewellery [Paras 37-40].

Murder – Common Intention – Section 302/34 IPC – Conviction based on the non-cooperation of the accused in a test identification parade – Courts drew adverse inferences without considering the exposure of witnesses to the accused in the police station – Identification parade is part of the investigation and should not be overemphasized – Prosecution must prove the case beyond reasonable doubt – Prosecution’s evidence lacked reliability and consistency – Convictions and sentences under Section 302/34 set aside [Paras 1-15].

Test Identification Parade – Evidentiary Value – The evidence available on record must be scrutinized when the accused have been exposed to witnesses prior to the identification parade – Reliance on such evidence without corroboration is flawed – Prosecution failed to establish common intention and occurrence beyond reasonable doubt [Paras 3-14].

Constructive Liability – Section 34 IPC – Section 34 does not constitute an offence by itself but creates constructive liability based on proven foundational facts – Prosecution failed to demonstrate common intention and participation in the crime adequately – Evidence presented was inconsistent and not wholly reliable [Para 13].

Decision: Appeals allowed – Conviction and sentence under Section 302/34 IPC set aside – Appellants to be released forthwith [Paras 15].

Civil Procedure – Abatement of Suit – Right to Sue – No abatement by party's death if right to sue survives – Procedures in case of death of one of several defendants or sole defendant – Appellate Court must examine if the right to sue survives against surviving respondents – Appeal dismissed due to non-bringing legal representatives on record without proper enquiry set aside – Directions to reconsider the matter on merits [Paras 9-10].

Order 22 CPC – Effect of Abatement – Consideration of each case's facts necessary – Appellate Court must examine impact of non-bringing legal representatives of some respondents – Proper representation of estate required – Consequences of failing to comply with procedural requirements under Order 22 CPC [Paras 9.1-9.7].

Decision – Appeals allowed – High Court’s order dismissing the appeal as having abated set aside – Directions issued for the High Court to reconsider the appeal on merits and in accordance with law [Para 10].

Criminal Law – Bail – Rigours of Section 37 NDPS Act – Prima facie evaluation of the evidence suggests doubt about the prosecution's case – High Court’s view that rigours of Section 37 are not applicable upheld [Paras 13-16].

Evidence – Contradictory Statements – Statements of motorcar occupants versus initial complaint by SI create serious doubt – High Court rightly considered the contradiction while granting bail [Paras 16.1-16.2].

Section 27A NDPS Act – Financing Illicit Traffic – Prosecution failed to establish prima facie evidence for Section 27A – Single transaction not sufficient for charge of financing illicit trafficking [Paras 14.1, 16.3].

Decision – Appeal dismissed – High Court's order granting bail with stringent conditions upheld – No prima facie evidence supporting the allegations under Section 27A NDPS Act [Paras 19-21].

Service Tax – Consulting Engineer – Definition – The definition of 'Consulting Engineer' under Section 65(31) of the Finance Act, 1994, includes a 'body corporate' – The amendment in 2005 clarifying the inclusion of 'body corporate' is not merely prospective but clarificatory in nature – Respondent providing consultancy engineering services liable to pay service tax [Paras 6-13].

Interpretation of Taxing Statutes – Strict Rule of Construction – Taxing statutes must be strictly interpreted but not to the extent of ignoring legislative intent – Courts may read in essential inferences to avoid absurdity – Exclusion of 'body corporate' would lead to unjust results and contradict legislative purpose [Paras 3.2-3.3, 8].

Prior Judicial Interpretations – Decisions of High Courts – Karnataka and Calcutta High Courts’ rulings in favor of including 'body corporate' within 'Consulting Engineer' supported – Earlier decisions of Delhi and Karnataka High Courts contrary to legislative intent and subsequent authoritative decisions [Paras 10.1-10.4, 11].

Decision – Appeal allowed – CESTAT's judgment set aside – Respondent liable to pay service tax under the pre-amendment definition of 'Consulting Engineer' – Case remanded to CESTAT to consider other grounds raised in the appeal [Paras 13-14].