Facts:

ERA Educational Trust applied for permission to establish a Medical College.

The Central Government, after Medical Council recommendations, twice rejected the application.

High Court, in an extraordinary manner, granted interim mandatory relief allowing the college to operate despite the government's refusal.

Union of India and Medical Council appealed against the High Court's order.

Issues:

Validity of the interim mandatory relief granted by the High Court.

Exercise of extraordinary powers under Article 226 in establishing a Medical College.

Held:

The High Court's extraordinary order violated norms for interim relief, principles of natural justice, and the requirement of previous sanction from the Central Government for a Medical College.

The Court, despite hesitating to interfere with interlocutory orders, found the High Court's order unjustified by any judicial standard.

Quashed and set aside the High Court's order dated 11.10.1999.

Directed the Medical Council to inspect the college for compliance with regulations within one month.

If deficiencies are found, the college must rectify them.

Upon completion of a 300-bed hospital, the Council will inspect, and if conditions are met, recommend permission to the Central Government.

Students admitted during this period won't get credit until formal permission is granted.

No further admissions except on vacancies from the first batch.

Facts:

The appellants and respondent No. 1 are Executive Engineers in the Public Health Engineering Department.

The eligibility criteria for promotion to the post of Superintending Engineer include a degree in Civil/Mechanical Engineering or its equivalent and 6 years' regular service in the grade.

The respondent No. 1 possessed an AMIE Diploma, recognized as equivalent to a Bachelor's Degree, and applied for promotion in 1991.

The controversy arose around whether the 6 years' service should be counted from the date of obtaining the educational qualification.

Issues:

Interpretation of the eligibility criteria, specifically the significance of the word 'with' in connection with the educational qualification and years of service.

Held:

The eligibility criteria required both the prescribed educational qualification and 6 years' experience.

The word 'with' was interpreted as meaning "Accompanied by; having as an addition or accompaniment," indicating a requirement for both qualification and experience.

Reading 'subsequent' after 'with' was deemed unjustified, and no qualitative difference was recognized in service before and after obtaining the educational qualification.

The decision in N. Suresh Nathan's case was distinguished, emphasizing the specific language of the rule and the purpose of encouraging employees to acquire higher education.

The court upheld the High Court's view, considering the plain meaning of words, the principle involved, and the weight of precedents.

Facts:

The appellant-accused had enmity with the deceased persons, and in seeking revenge for the murder of a relative, nine accused formed an unlawful assembly armed with weapons. The accused waylaid the victims, leading to a violent altercation resulting in the death of two individuals.

Issues:

The application of Sections 34 and 149 IPC, the plea of self-defense, and the credibility of eyewitness testimony.

The trial court convicted certain accused under specific sections, but the High Court altered the convictions on appeal.

Held:

Sections 34 and 149 IPC : The similarity between Sections 34 and 149 lies in the requirement of a common object, intention, or pre-arranged plan. The emphasis on physical presence and promotion of the crime differs. The High Court's acquittal of certain accused was deemed erroneous, considering the presence of elements of both sections.

Evidence and Unlawful Assembly: Both courts accepted the consistent and credible evidence of eyewitnesses. The accused formed an unlawful assembly with the premeditated intention of murdering the victims. The order of the High Court acquitting certain accused cannot stand.

Individual Accused Participation : Specific individuals were identified as actively participating in the attack, establishing their guilt under Sections 34 and 149 IPC. The High Court's conclusions were contradictory and based on an erroneous interpretation.

Section 161(2) and Eyewitness Testimony : Discrepancies in eyewitness accounts regarding the assault do not invalidate the evidence. The omission under Section 161(2) did not significantly impact the case, and contradictions in assault details are common in such situations.

Plea of Self-Defense : The severity of injuries inflicted on victims compared to the accused belied the plea of self-defense. The plea was rightly rejected as an afterthought, given its late introduction and lack of cross-examination.

Decision: The court held that the appeals should be disposed of in favor of the prosecution. The principle guiding appellate courts against interference in acquittal orders was discussed, emphasizing interference only when "compelling and substantial reasons" exist.

Facts:

Manjeti Venkata Nagabhushana Rao and Manjeti Lakshmi Kanta Rao filed a suit against the State of Andhra Pradesh and others.

The suit sought a declaration that their property is not subject to any public or charitable trust or endowment, challenging the validity of a governmental order.

Proceedings under Section 77 of the Andhra Pradesh Charitable and Hindu Religious Institutions and Endowments Act, 1966 were initiated during the pendency of the suit.

Issues:

Validity of a notification affecting the plaintiffs.

Whether the suit property is subject to a charitable trust or endowment.

Estoppel of aggrieved parties from questioning ownership.

Perfection of title by adverse possession.

Jurisdiction of the Civil Court after the Act of 1966.

Conclusiveness of an order in proceedings under Section 77 of the Act.

Estoppel of parties from contending the charitable nature of the property.

Held:

The trial court and High Court ruled against the plaintiffs on all issues.

The Andhra Pradesh Charitable and Hindu Religious Institutions and Endowments Act, 1966 came into force during the trial.

Proceedings under Section 77 of the Act were initiated and concluded in favor of defendants, holding the property not subject to public charity or endowment.

The High Court held that the order under Section 77 is conclusive and final, dismissing the appeals without costs.

Facts:

Late Raghubinder Nath, a significant landowner, had surplus land determined in 1960. A subsequent suit by Jagat Ram claimed tenancy rights over the surplus land, resulting in an ex-parte decree in 1979. Execution proceedings were dismissed in 1981 due to a stay related to an appeal by Raghubinder Nath. The land's surplus declaration was reaffirmed in 1980, but an allotment was made to Jagat Ram in 1982. Raghubinder Nath passed away in 1984.

Issues:

Validity of surplus land determination in 1960 and 1980.

Allotment to Jagat Ram and its validity.

Utilization of surplus land during the landowner's lifetime.

Bona fide nature of transfers in 1954.

Rights of legal heirs post the landowner's demise.

Held:

The Financial Commissioner in 1983 directed the landowner's right to select permissible area, acknowledging the lack of bona fides in 1954 transfers.

The Collector in 1986 canceled Jagat Ram's allotment, stating the landowner's heirs were entitled to reserve area.

The Commissioner in 1988 upheld the cancellation on the grounds of inadequate notice for vesting and non-proven possession by Jagat Ram.

The Financial Commissioner in 1990 reversed the Commissioner's decision, citing the 1960/1980 surplus declaration and Jagat Ram's deposit, holding it as utilization.

High Court affirmed the Financial Commissioner's decision.

Decision: The appeal is dismissed. Parties bear their own costs.

Facts:

The suit for specific performance of a contract was filed by the respondent and decreed on 22nd February 1973.

Judgment debtors failed to comply with the conditions of the decree, leading to the entitlement of the decree-holder to execute the decree.

Decree-holder deposited the required amount in favor of the mortgagee, redeeming the land.

Successive execution applications were filed by the decree-holder within the period of limitation.

Execution application in April 1994 for possession was dismissed by the executing court, citing it as barred by limitation.

Issues:

Whether the execution application for possession of land was barred by limitation under Article 136 of the Limitation Act, 1963.

Held:

The decree-holder was entitled to possession of the land as soon as the sale deed was executed and registered.

The execution application for possession was filed within the prescribed period of twelve years under Article 136.

The language of Article 136 cannot be strained in favor of judgment-debtors who failed to avail themselves of the benefits of the decree.

Decision: The appeal is dismissed, and the order of the High Court is upheld. No costs are awarded.

Facts:

Appellant applied for a 350 sq. mtrs. plot in the "Indrapuram" scheme in 1989.

Alleged non-payment due to the respondent's failure in development and delay in possession.

Appellant contended interest could only be charged from 30th November 1995.

Issues:

Unfair trade practices by the respondent.

Prejudice to the appellant/public due to alleged unfair practices.

Entitlement to relief/compensation.

Relief, if any.

Held:

Commission found the appellant admitted delay in payments and willingness to clear dues.

Interest calculations based on the allotment letter, rejecting the appellant's contention on the interest start date.

Delay attributed to factors beyond the respondent's control.

No unfair trade practices found; no prejudice to the appellant; appellant liable to pay demanded amount before possession.

The appeal was dismissed, and the appellant held liable for the demanded amount.

FACTS:

The petitioner, a common carrier, is governed by the Carriers Act, 1865. The contention is that under Section 14(1)(d) of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, the Consumer Fora can direct payment of compensation for loss or injury due to the 'negligence' of the carrier. The petitioner argues that Section 9 of the Carriers Act, which places the burden on the carrier to prove absence of negligence, should not apply.

ISSUES:

Whether Section 9 of the Carriers Act, 1865, applies to matters before the Consumer Fora under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

Whether the burden of proof in cases of negligence lies with the complainant or the carrier under Section 14(1)(d) of the Consumer Protection Act.

HELD:

The recent judgment of the court in Patel Roadways Limited v. Birla Yamaha Limited supports the view that the liability of common carriers is that of an insurer. Section 9 of the Carriers Act applies to matters before the Consumer Fora, and the principle of common law underlying Section 9 has been incorporated in it. Even if Section 9 does not directly apply, the common law principle shifts the burden of proof to carriers under Section 14(1)(d) of the Consumer Protection Act. The complainant can discharge the initial onus by relying on Section 9 of the Carriers Act, making it the carrier's responsibility to prove the absence of negligence.

DECISION: With the above observations and following the judgment in Patel Roadways, the special leave petitions are dismissed accordingly.

Facts:

Respondent served as a Pool Officer under the Scientists' Pool Scheme for a stipulated period of three years.

Subsequently appointed as a Scientist Fellow under the Quick Hire Scheme on a contract for a maximum period of three years, terminable by a notice of three months.

Initial appointment for one year, extended for a further six months only.

The respondent's request for further extension was rejected.

Issues:

Legality of the extension of the respondent's contract for a limited period.

Regularization of the respondent's services.

Fixation of salary under the Quick Hire Scheme.

Entitlement to arrears of salary for the period between the cessation of the respondent's appointment as Pool Officer and subsequent engagement as Scientist Fellow.

Held:

The extension of the respondent's contract for a limited period was deemed arbitrary. The Tribunal's decision that the respondent would have continued for a full term of three years under the Quick Hire Scheme was upheld.

Regularization was not applicable as the appointment under the Quick Hire Scheme was on a contract basis and did not equate to regular appointment under the relevant recruitment rules.

The Selection Committee's recommendation of a lower salary under the Quick Hire Scheme lacked proper reasoning. The Tribunal's direction to pay the respondent at the rate of Rs. 3,737 per month, equivalent to his salary as a Pool Officer, was upheld.

The Tribunal's award of emoluments for the period when the respondent served as a Pool Officer beyond the fixed period was considered irregular but not disturbed due to the limited scope of leave granted.

The appeal is partly allowed.