Arbitration Law – Enforceability of Foreign Awards – Appeal challenging enforceability of foreign awards passed by GAFTA’s Board of Appeal under Section 48 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 – Supreme Court emphasized the limited scope of inquiry under Section 48, which does not permit a review on merits – Held that procedural defects in foreign arbitration do not necessarily bar enforcement unless they contravene the fundamental policy of Indian law, interests of India, or justice or morality – Appeal dismissed [Paras 1-47].

Public Policy – Interpretation and Application – Court discussed the interpretation of "public policy of India" under Section 48(2)(b) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 – Reiterated that "public policy" for enforcement of foreign awards must be given a narrow meaning – Enforcement can only be refused if contrary to (i) fundamental policy of Indian law, (ii) interests of India, or (iii) justice or morality – Overruled broader interpretation suggested in Phulchand Exports Ltd. v. OOO Patriot [Paras 20-28].

Contractual Compliance – Certification and Evidence – GAFTA awards based on certification from SGS Geneva rather than SGS India, which was specified in the contract – Supreme Court held that while GAFTA may have erred in considering evidence beyond contract terms, such errors do not render awards unenforceable under Section 48 unless they meet the narrow criteria of public policy violations [Paras 30-46].

Decision – Appeal dismissed – Supreme Court upheld the enforceability of GAFTA’s foreign awards, emphasizing the narrow scope of "public policy" under Section 48(2)(b) and the limited review permitted at the enforcement stage [Para 47].

Criminal Law – Murder and Cruelty – Appeal against acquittal by High Court – Supreme Court reviewed evidence including medical reports and witness testimonies – High Court's findings based on conjectural premises were set aside – Medical evidence established death by asphyxia due to drowning and strangulation, not suicide – Conviction under Section 302 IPC restored [Paras 1-28].

Evidence Law – Multiple Witness Testimonies – Court scrutinized the credibility of witness testimonies and medical evidence – Emphasized the importance of forensic evidence and expert testimonies in establishing cause of death – Found High Court’s dismissal of medical evidence erroneous [Paras 12-23].

Judicial Discretion – High Court's Error in Disregarding Medical Evidence – Highlighted the importance of medical expert opinion in homicide cases – Supreme Court held that the High Court was wrong in discarding the testimony of the medical officer who conducted the post-mortem [Paras 22-23].

Decision – Appeal allowed – High Court's order of acquittal set aside – Conviction under Section 302 IPC for murder of Vidya Devi restored – Sentence of life imprisonment reinstated – No separate sentence under Section 498A IPC imposed [Para 29].

Criminal Law – Murder and Evidence – Appeal against acquittal by High Court – Supreme Court reviewed evidence including witness testimonies, the sequence of events, and postmortem findings – High Court’s conclusions found to be erroneous – Circumstantial evidence established the guilt of the accused – Conviction under Section 304 Part II IPC for culpable homicide not amounting to murder upheld [Paras 1-39].

Evidence Law – Circumstantial Evidence – Court analyzed the chain of circumstances linking the accused to the crime – Emphasized the importance of each piece of evidence and the cumulative effect in establishing guilt – Found the High Court failed to consider critical aspects of the evidence [Paras 20-30].

Judicial Discretion – Reassessment of Evidence – Supreme Court stressed the need for proper evaluation of circumstantial evidence and the logical inferences drawn from the facts – High Court's interference with the trial court's findings was deemed unjustified [Paras 31-38].

Decision – Appeal allowed – High Court's order of acquittal set aside – Accused convicted under Section 304 Part II IPC – Sentenced to seven years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 50,000 each – Directed to surrender immediately to serve the remaining sentence [Paras 38-40].

Property Law – Acquisition of Cessed Properties – Appeal challenging the High Court's dismissal of interim relief for the appellants regarding the acquisition of "cessed properties" under the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Act, 1976 – Supreme Court examined the statutory provisions and legislative intent behind the introduction of Chapter VIII-A – Held that the properties were acquired to protect tenants living in dilapidated buildings due to landlords' inability to maintain them owing to frozen rents since 1940 – Appeal dismissed [Paras 1-24].

Public Policy – Rehabilitation of Tenants – Court emphasized the importance of Chapter VIII-A in ensuring the safety and rehabilitation of tenants – Noted that the scheme was tenant-specific, aiming to provide structural repairs or reconstruction of old buildings – Supreme Court rejected the appellant's claim for release from acquisition, reinforcing that the properties vested in MHADA were held in trust for tenant rehabilitation [Paras 5-18].

Judicial Discretion – Interpretation of Vesting and Trust – The Court analyzed the interpretation of "vesting" under Section 103B, affirming that once properties vest in MHADA, they must be used for the intended purpose of tenant rehabilitation – Supreme Court upheld that the cooperative society's formation and the necessary deposits were essential for proceeding with acquisition and rehabilitation under Chapter VIII-A [Paras 21-23].

Decision – Appeal dismissed – Supreme Court upheld the High Court's decision, reinforcing the legislative scheme for tenant protection and rehabilitation under the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Act, 1976 [Para 24].

Criminal Law – Dowry Death – Appeals challenging the conviction for dowry death – Supreme Court reviewed evidence including witness testimonies, post-mortem reports, and forensic analysis – Held that the prosecution established the necessary ingredients for the application of Section 304B IPC – Appeal dismissed [Paras 1-19].

Evidence Law – Presumption under Section 113B – Court analyzed the applicability of the presumption under Section 113B of the Evidence Act – Emphasized that once the prosecution establishes the essential ingredients, the burden shifts to the accused to rebut the presumption – Found that the accused failed to provide a satisfactory explanation for the circumstances leading to the death [Paras 10-17].

Judicial Discretion – Review of Circumstantial Evidence – Supreme Court stressed the importance of evaluating the chain of circumstances in dowry death cases – Highlighted the unexplained presence of "Organo Phosphorus Pesticide" in the deceased's vomit and the hurried cremation as key factors supporting the conviction [Paras 14-18].

Decision – Appeals dismissed – Conviction and sentence under Sections 498A, 304B, and 201 read with Section 34 IPC upheld – Accused directed to surrender to serve the remaining sentence [Para 19].

Criminal Law – Dowry Death – Appeal against the conviction for dowry death under Sections 304B and 498A IPC – Supreme Court reviewed evidence including witness testimonies, post-mortem reports, and the sequence of events leading to the death – Held that the prosecution established the necessary ingredients for the application of Section 304B IPC – Appeal partly allowed by reducing the sentence [Paras 1-25].

Evidence Law – Presumption under Section 113B – Court analyzed the applicability of the presumption under Section 113B of the Evidence Act – Emphasized that once the prosecution establishes the essential ingredients, the burden shifts to the accused to rebut the presumption – Found that the accused failed to provide a satisfactory explanation for the circumstances leading to the death [Paras 22-23].

Judicial Discretion – Evaluation of Circumstantial Evidence – Supreme Court stressed the importance of evaluating the chain of circumstances in dowry death cases – Highlighted the presence of injuries and the hurried cremation as key factors supporting the conviction – Reduced the sentence considering the appellant’s personal circumstances [Paras 14-25].

Decision – Appeal partly allowed – Conviction under Sections 304B and 498A IPC upheld – Sentence under Section 304B IPC reduced to seven years rigorous imprisonment – Sentence under Section 498A IPC remains two years with a fine of Rs. 2000 – Sentences to run concurrently – Appellant directed to surrender to serve the remaining sentence [Para 25].

Constitutional Law – Amendment Challenge – Petitioner university challenged amendments introduced by Amendment Act No. 5 of 2000 to the Maharshi Mahesh Yogi Vedic Vishwavidyalaya Adhiniyam, 1995 – High Court upheld amendments to Sections 4(1), 9(2), 31-A(1), (2), 31-B, 31-C, 37-B(a), (b), (d), (e) as intra-vires, while Section 37-A and proviso to Section 4 on conducting courses without State Government's approval held ultra-vires – Supreme Court examined legislative intent and statutory interpretation principles, concluding proper application of disjunctive reading of 'and' in Section 4(1) [Paras 1-95].

Education – Role of Vedic Knowledge – Court underscored the importance of Vedic education, interpreting its holistic approach encompassing various aspects of life and human physiology – Reiterated the ancient knowledge in Vedas pertinent to modern education and scientific learning [Paras 17-19, 27-43].

Decision – Appeal Allowed in Part – Supreme Court upheld most of the High Court’s findings, confirming the validity of State's regulatory measures, emphasizing the autonomy of educational institutions within reasonable State control [Para 68].

Criminal Law – Conviction for Dowry Death – Appeal against High Court's reversal of acquittal – Trial court acquitted accused based on contradictory statements and lack of evidence – High Court convicted accused relying on presumption under Sections 113A and 113B of the Evidence Act – Supreme Court set aside High Court's decision, restoring trial court's acquittal – Emphasized presumption of innocence and requirement of compelling reasons to interfere with acquittal [Paras 1-15].

Evidence – Presumption under Sections 113A and 113B – High Court's reliance on presumption without substantive evidence – Supreme Court held presumption cannot override the necessity for proving basic ingredients of harassment or dowry demand – Restoration of acquittal due to lack of compelling evidence and presence of reasonable doubt [Paras 8-14].

Decision – Appeal Allowed – Supreme Court allowed the appeal, restoring the trial court's judgment of acquittal – Emphasized principles of presumption of innocence and requirement for compelling circumstances to overturn acquittal [Paras 14-15].

Criminal Law – Conviction for Murder – Appeal against conviction under Sections 302 read with 34 IPC and 324 read with 34 IPC – Accused involved in a dispute over a pathway leading to the murder of Ramachandra Lagad – Conviction based on the testimony of the injured eyewitness (P.W. 4) and corroborated by medical evidence – Supreme Court upheld the conviction, emphasizing consistency and credibility of eyewitness testimony supported by medical evidence [Paras 1-34].

Evidence – Eyewitness Testimony – Sole testimony of an injured eyewitness (P.W. 4) sufficient for conviction – Discrepancies in minor details do not discredit the core narrative – Testimony supported by another eyewitness (P.W. 5) and medical evidence, including postmortem and injury reports [Paras 16-22].

Evidence – Forensic Evidence – Presence of human blood on the accused’s clothes not satisfactorily explained – Supported by chemical analysis reports – Rejection of the defense's contention regarding lack of supporting expert evidence [Paras 29-30].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Supreme Court dismissed the appeal, confirming the conviction and life sentence imposed by the lower courts – Emphasized the role of corroborative evidence and the lack of any substantial ground for interference [Paras 34].