Drug Price Control – Price Fixation – Judicial Review –

Union of India challenged the Delhi High Court's decision setting aside the price fixation notifications for "Doxofylline formulations." The High Court held that 'Doxofylline' is not a bulk drug under DPCO 1995. The Supreme Court examined the definition of bulk drugs and their derivatives under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO) 1995. It emphasized that derivatives of bulk drugs conforming to the standards specified in the Second Schedule of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act are considered bulk drugs and fall within price control regulations [Paras 1-19].

Bulk Drugs – Doxofylline – Theophylline Derivative –

The Court considered expert opinions and evidence showing 'Doxofylline' as a derivative of 'Theophylline,' a bulk drug listed in the First Schedule of DPCO 1995. The Court affirmed that derivatives of scheduled bulk drugs are also subject to price control under DPCO, overturning the High Court's decision. It was held that Doxofylline formulations, being derivatives of Theophylline, fall within the purview of bulk drugs and scheduled formulations, justifying the government's price fixation notifications [Paras 25-36].

Essential Commodities Act – Power to Fix Prices –

The Supreme Court upheld the government’s authority to fix and revise prices for scheduled bulk drugs and formulations under the Essential Commodities Act and DPCO 1995. It reiterated that such actions ensure equitable drug distribution and reasonable pricing for consumers while providing fair returns to manufacturers [Paras 37-40].

Decision – Appeals Allowed –

The Supreme Court allowed the appeals, set aside the judgments of the Delhi High Court, and reinstated the government's price fixation notifications for Doxofylline formulations. The writ petitions filed by the respondents in the High Court were dismissed [Para 41].

Criminal Law – Evidence – Corroboration –

The appellant police officers were convicted for the offences of wrongful confinement, torture, and rape based on the testimony of the complainant (PW-3), corroborated by her husband (PW-1) and a neighbor (PW-2). The High Court upheld the trial court’s findings, concluding that the evidence was sufficient to establish guilt beyond reasonable doubt. The Supreme Court confirmed that consistent statements by the victim and supporting witnesses, coupled with the lack of credible defense evidence, justified the convictions [Paras 11-16].

Criminal Procedure – Delay in Release – Record Keeping –

The defense argued that the complainant was released on the evening of 09.02.1989, but the prosecution evidence indicated she was detained overnight and released on 10.02.1989. The court emphasized the importance of maintaining accurate police records as mandated by the Punjab Police Rules. The defense's failure to produce relevant police records weakened their case, supporting the prosecution’s timeline and allegations [Paras 13-14].

Rape – Testimony of Victim – Absence of Medical Evidence –

The court held that the absence of medical evidence did not undermine the complainant’s testimony, as her consistent account of the events, corroborated by immediate disclosures to witnesses, was credible. The victim's age and the immediate reporting of the incident contributed to the court’s decision to uphold the convictions despite the lack of medical corroboration [Paras 15-16].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed –

The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal, upholding the concurrent findings of the trial court and the High Court. The convictions and sentences for the offences under Sections 323/34, 504/34, 376(2)(a), and 376(2)(g) IPC, and Section 342 IPC for appellant Radha Krishan, were confirmed, noting no miscarriage of justice [Para 16].

Service Law – Disciplinary Proceedings – Natural Justice –

The appellant, an employee of Punjab National Bank, was dismissed from service after the Disciplinary Authority disagreed with the Enquiry Officer’s report that exonerated him on all charges. The appellant contended that the Disciplinary Authority failed to record reasons for disagreement and did not seek his response before imposing the punishment. The Supreme Court emphasized that the principles of natural justice require the Disciplinary Authority to provide reasons for disagreement and to allow the delinquent an opportunity to respond before passing a final order [Paras 7-11].

Judicial Precedent – Consistency with Previous Judgments –

The Court reiterated the principles laid down in Punjab National Bank v. Kunj Behari Misra and subsequent cases, which require the Disciplinary Authority to record reasons for disagreement with the Enquiry Officer and to communicate these reasons to the delinquent for a response. The judgment distinguished the present case from the ECIL case, clarifying that the requirement to issue a second show-cause notice was not applicable here [Paras 7-10].

Decision – Appeal Allowed –

The Supreme Court allowed the appeal, setting aside the judgment of the Division Bench and restoring the order of the Single Judge. The appellant was considered to have retired on the date of his superannuation, with entitlement to all terminal benefits calculated accordingly, but without back pay for the period he did not work [Paras 12-13].

Criminal Procedure – Recall and Re-examination of Witnesses – Appellant challenged the High Court's order allowing the re-examination of a witness under Section 311 of CrPC – Contention that the witness had previously turned hostile and re-examination was sought to fill lacunae in the prosecution's case – Supreme Court emphasized the wide discretionary power of courts under Section 311 CrPC, which should be exercised judiciously and not arbitrarily – Emphasized that the recall of a witness is warranted only when it is essential for the just decision of the case [Paras 1-30].

Judicial Discretion – Exercise of Power under Section 311 CrPC – The Court reiterated principles for invoking Section 311, including the need for judicial mind application, ensuring just decisions, and avoiding filling lacunae in prosecution or defense cases – Held that the High Court’s order did not meet these principles and thus warranted interference [Paras 13-28].

Evidence Law – Hostile Witnesses – The Court discussed the treatment of hostile witnesses and the circumstances under which they could be re-examined – Noted that the witness’s initial statement and the subsequent hostility must be carefully scrutinized to prevent misuse of judicial process [Paras 24-29].

Decision – Appeal allowed – High Court's order set aside – Trial Court's order restored – Directions given to proceed with the trial expeditiously [Paras 30].

Criminal Law – Rape – Appeal challenging the High Court's reversal of acquittal and conviction of the appellant under Section 376 IPC – Supreme Court analyzed the credibility of prosecutrix’s testimony and absence of medical corroboration for physical injuries – Emphasized that prosecutrix’s evidence, if credible, does not require corroboration in material particulars – Appellant’s contention that the prosecutrix consented to the act was not supported by any defense evidence [Paras 1-16].

Evidence Law – Credibility of Witnesses – Discussed the legal standards for treating the testimony of the prosecutrix as reliable – Noted that discrepancies in the prosecutrix's testimony do not automatically discredit her account – Reinforced that the absence of injuries does not necessarily indicate consent, especially considering the circumstances described by the prosecutrix [Paras 10-12].

Judicial Discretion – Review of Lower Court Decisions – High Court’s reversal of trial court’s acquittal deemed appropriate given the evidence – Emphasized the importance of judicial discretion in evaluating witness testimonies and the context of the alleged crime [Paras 10-16].

Decision – Appeal dismissed – Conviction and sentence of seven years rigorous imprisonment upheld – Supreme Court reiterated the principles of evidence evaluation and judicial discretion in cases of sexual offenses [Paras 16].

Criminal Law – Murder and Attempt to Murder – Appellants convicted under Sections 302 and 307 IPC – High Court affirmed the convictions based on witness testimonies and forensic evidence – Supreme Court reviewed the evidence, highlighting inconsistencies and embellishments in witness statements – Held that grain must be separated from the chaff to ensure justice – Appellants except Balwinder Singh acquitted as prosecution failed to establish beyond reasonable doubt their specific involvement in the shooting [Paras 1-40].

Evidence Law – Credibility and Corroboration – Discussed the legal standards for evaluating witness credibility, especially in faction-ridden societies – Emphasized that mere presence at the crime scene does not implicate individuals as members of an unlawful assembly unless overt acts are proven – Acquittals were based on the lack of corroborative evidence linking the appellants to specific violent acts [Paras 25-39].

Right to Private Defence – Assessment of the right to private defence in the context of land possession – Supreme Court found that the appellants did not exceed their right to private defence – Highlighted the need for proper assessment of defensive acts versus aggressive acts [Paras 43-45].

Decision – Appeal partly allowed – Convictions of Amrik Singh, Rajinder Singh, Jaswinder Singh, Makhan Singh, and Gurdial Singh set aside – Balwinder Singh's conviction upheld – Supreme Court underscored the necessity of corroborative evidence in establishing guilt beyond reasonable doubt [Paras 46-47].

Land Acquisition – Rental Compensation – Appeal challenging High Court's direction to deposit rental compensation at 8% of the award amount passed by the Reference Court – Supreme Court examined the statutory provisions and resolutions by the State of Maharashtra regarding rental compensation – Found that the resolutions mandated rental compensation but did not limit it to the amount awarded by the Land Acquisition Officer – Upheld the High Court’s decision for interim relief based on the enhanced award amount [Paras 1-20].

Review and Recall of Orders – High Court recalled its earlier order directing payment based on an erroneous interpretation of precedent – Supreme Court upheld the recall, noting it was justified given the pending appeals and unresolved disputes regarding the final compensation amount [Paras 13-20].

Interim Relief – The Court emphasized the need for interim relief to be fair and just, balancing the rights of the landowners and the State – Upheld the provision allowing withdrawal of 50% of the deposited amount upon furnishing security [Paras 20].

Decision – Appeal dismissed – High Court's order upheld – Supreme Court provided clarification on the entitlement of enhanced rental compensation proportionate to the final award amount [Para 20].

Criminal Law – Conviction for Dowry Death – Appeal against High Court's reversal of acquittal – Trial court acquitted accused based on contradictory statements and lack of evidence – High Court convicted accused relying on presumption under Sections 113A and 113B of the Evidence Act – Supreme Court set aside High Court's decision, restoring trial court's acquittal – Emphasized presumption of innocence and requirement of compelling reasons to interfere with acquittal [Paras 1-15].

Evidence – Presumption under Sections 113A and 113B – High Court's reliance on presumption without substantive evidence – Supreme Court held presumption cannot override the necessity for proving basic ingredients of harassment or dowry demand – Restoration of acquittal due to lack of compelling evidence and presence of reasonable doubt [Paras 8-14].

Decision – Appeal Allowed – Supreme Court allowed the appeal, restoring the trial court's judgment of acquittal – Emphasized principles of presumption of innocence and requirement for compelling circumstances to overturn acquittal [Paras 14-15].

Criminal Law – Conviction for Murder – Appeal against conviction under Sections 302 read with 34 IPC and 324 read with 34 IPC – Accused involved in a dispute over a pathway leading to the murder of Ramachandra Lagad – Conviction based on the testimony of the injured eyewitness (P.W. 4) and corroborated by medical evidence – Supreme Court upheld the conviction, emphasizing consistency and credibility of eyewitness testimony supported by medical evidence [Paras 1-34].

Evidence – Eyewitness Testimony – Sole testimony of an injured eyewitness (P.W. 4) sufficient for conviction – Discrepancies in minor details do not discredit the core narrative – Testimony supported by another eyewitness (P.W. 5) and medical evidence, including postmortem and injury reports [Paras 16-22].

Evidence – Forensic Evidence – Presence of human blood on the accused’s clothes not satisfactorily explained – Supported by chemical analysis reports – Rejection of the defense's contention regarding lack of supporting expert evidence [Paras 29-30].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Supreme Court dismissed the appeal, confirming the conviction and life sentence imposed by the lower courts – Emphasized the role of corroborative evidence and the lack of any substantial ground for interference [Paras 34].