Criminal Law – Rape and Murder Conviction – Appellant convicted under Sections 302 and 376 IPC for the rape and murder of a minor – Conviction based on circumstantial evidence including the appellant’s presence at the crime scene, motive, and medical evidence – Supreme Court upholds the conviction and sentence of life imprisonment and ten years rigorous imprisonment respectively [Paras 1-9].

Circumstantial Evidence – Evaluation – Presence of appellant at the crime scene established through witness testimony – Appellant’s suspicious behavior and absence from the village post-incident considered – Medical evidence corroborates the cause of death and confirms sexual assault – No missing link in the chain of circumstantial evidence [Paras 1-7].

Motive – Prior Misconduct – Previous incident of appellant's misbehavior with victim's sister established – Appellant had a grudge due to past humiliation by the victim’s family – Evidence supported by testimonies of the victim’s mother and sister – Motive deemed credible and justified [Paras 3, 8].

313 CrPC Statement – Appellant’s Defense – Simple denial of allegations without substantial explanation – Claim of false implication due to enmity not substantiated by any evidence – Inimical relationship with the complainant’s family related to past misbehavior incident [Paras 4, 8].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Held – Conviction and sentence affirmed – No grounds for interference found by the Supreme Court [Para 9].

Criminal Law – Rape and Murder Conviction – Appellant convicted under Sections 376 and 302 IPC for the rape and murder of a four-year-old child – Conviction based on circumstantial evidence, witness testimonies, and medical reports – Supreme Court upholds the conviction but substitutes the death sentence with life imprisonment due to procedural deficiencies and lack of forensic evidence [Paras 1-48].

Circumstantial Evidence – Reliability – Prosecution relied on witness testimonies and medical evidence – Witnesses identified appellant carrying the child after the assault – Appellant's failure to provide a credible explanation regarding his possession of the child invoked Section 114 of the Evidence Act [Paras 24-36].

Procedural Deficiencies – Inadequate Investigation and Trial – Investigation lacked forensic evidence and thorough site inspection – Deficiencies in framing charges and examining the accused under Section 313 CrPC highlighted – Supreme Court emphasizes the need for meticulous procedure in cases involving death penalty [Paras 13-15, 41].

Death Penalty – Substitution with Life Imprisonment – Court considers mitigating factors including procedural lapses and the appellant's socio-economic background – Sentence of life imprisonment with a minimum of 18 years actual imprisonment deemed appropriate – Case for remission under CrPC to be considered only after serving 18 years [Paras 37-47].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed with Modification – Held – Conviction affirmed, death sentence substituted with life imprisonment – Appellant to serve a minimum of 18 years before eligibility for remission [Para 48].

Criminal Law – Murder Conviction – Appellant convicted under Section 302 RPC for the murder of Gani Shah – Conviction based on witness testimonies and circumstantial evidence – Supreme Court upholds the conviction and life imprisonment sentence [Paras 1-21].

Witness Testimony – Consistency and Reliability – Six eyewitnesses, including family members and neighbors, testified consistently about the appellant's presence and actions at the crime scene – Testimonies corroborated by each other and considered reliable [Paras 13-19].

Procedural Aspects – Investigation and Trial – Initial slow and inadequate investigation highlighted – Absence of post-mortem and recovery of the weapon noted – Eyewitnesses examined with delays but found credible by the court – Trial and high court judgments affirmed based on the strength of witness testimonies [Paras 7-9, 19].

Motive – Rejection of Marriage Proposal – Appellant's motive established through consistent witness statements – Refusal of marriage proposal to the deceased's daughter led to the murder [Para 2].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Held – Conviction and life imprisonment sentence affirmed – Appellant directed to surrender within one month [Paras 20-21].

Civil Procedure – Jurisdiction of Small Causes Court – Appeals against judgments affirming Small Causes Court decrees which decided the issue of landlord-tenant relationship – Small Causes Court held to have limited jurisdiction to decide title issues – Findings of title by Small Causes Court not to operate as res judicata in subsequent suits on title [Paras 1-10].

Res Judicata – Applicability – Small Causes Court decisions on title considered incidental, not substantial – High Court's affirmation of title in Small Causes Court decrees challenged – Supreme Court emphasizes jurisdictional limits and affirms non-applicability of res judicata in subsequent suits [Paras 7-9].

Inherent Powers – Section 151 CPC – Scope – Inherent powers to be used in absence of specific remedy – Cannot conflict with express provisions – Review petition dismissed under inherent powers affirmed – Appropriate use in setting aside ex parte orders obtained by fraud [Paras 20-25].

Title and Ownership – Life Interest under Hindu Succession Act – Dispute over life estate converted to absolute ownership – Section 14(2) applies to retain life interest under Will or gift – Courts upheld life interest without absolute title [Paras 6-7, 9].

Land Acquisition – Compensation – Reference Court jurisdiction – Reference Court bound by scope defined in Section 18 or Section 30 – Cannot entertain applications for apportionment directly – Parties directed to seek remedy before appropriate forum [Paras 30-32].

Decision – Appeals Allowed – Held – Judgments of lower courts set aside – Respondents directed to seek appropriate remedy through permissible legal proceedings [Para 33].

Civil Procedure – Suit for Declaration – Maintainability – Appeal against dismissal of suit for declaration of title and invalidity of sale deed without seeking consequential relief of possession – High Court held suit not maintainable under Section 34 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 – Supreme Court upholds the decision emphasizing the need for consequential relief in cases involving property possession [Paras 1-18].

Hindu Succession – Female Hindu Succession – Appellant claimed title based on being reversioner after life estate holder's death – Respondent argued acquisition of absolute title by Hindu widow – Supreme Court holds widow had only life estate as per terms of original donation deed – Absolute title not acquired under Hindu Succession Act, 1956 [Paras 10-11].

Declaratory Suit – Consequential Relief – Proviso to Section 34 – Importance of seeking consequential relief to avoid multiplicity of proceedings and loss of court fees – Suit for declaration alone insufficient when defendant in possession and capable of delivering possession – Supreme Court affirms necessity of consequential relief for enforceable decree [Paras 16-18].

Adverse Possession – Prescription – High Court’s erroneous consideration of adverse possession – High Court reversed trial court and First Appellate Court findings without evidence – Supreme Court reaffirms that no adverse possession perfected by respondent [Paras 12-13].

Decision – Appeals Dismissed – Held – High Court's dismissal of suit affirmed – Declaratory decree without consequential relief deemed non-maintainable – Appeals lack merit and dismissed with no order as to costs [Para 18].

Criminal Law – Rape and Criminal Intimidation Conviction – Appellant convicted under Sections 376 and 506B IPC – Victim's testimony corroborated by medical evidence – Trial court and High Court affirmed conviction and sentence of seven years rigorous imprisonment and a fine – Supreme Court upholds the conviction and sentence, emphasizing the irrelevance of consent from a minor [Paras 1-8].

Victim’s Testimony – Reliability – Consistent and detailed account of assault – Supported by witness testimonies and medical evidence – Court dismisses appellant's claim of consensual intercourse based on victim's minor status [Paras 2-5].

Medical Evidence – Determination of Age – Victim’s age determined to be 14 years based on dental examination and secondary sexual characteristics – Medical evidence affirmed by trial and High Court – Supreme Court concurs with findings [Paras 3, 6-8].

Consent and Legal Age – Consent from minor deemed irrelevant under law – Appellant's conviction for rape upheld despite claim of consensual intercourse – Emphasis on statutory protection for minors against sexual exploitation [Paras 7-8].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Held – Conviction and sentence of seven years rigorous imprisonment and fine affirmed – No grounds for interference found by the Supreme Court [Para 8].

Medical Law – Conjoined Twins – Petition addressing medical care and potential separation of craniopagus twins (CTs) – Examination by AIIMS medical team ordered – Investigation risks noted – Parents opposed to surgery preferring financial assistance for care – Supreme Court emphasizes duty to protect minors' rights and inherent value of life [Paras 1-6, 9-12].

Right to Life – Article 21 – Court's role in life-saving decisions – Emphasis on least detrimental alternative in absence of medical report ensuring both or one twin's survival post-surgery – Parental consent not overriding if it conflicts with minors' best interest – Court's responsibility as guardian to balance interests and ensure protection of minors' rights [Paras 7, 10-17].

Parental Consent – Legal and Ethical Considerations – Court may override parental consent to ensure minors' welfare – Reference to principles in Gillick v. West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority and Re B (a minor) cases – Duty to respect natural parental authority balanced with independent judicial assessment of minors' best interests [Paras 13-15].

Medical Investigation – Inadequate Reporting – AIIMS medical team unable to conduct detailed investigations due to parental opposition – Financial assistance directed for ongoing care and treatment – Court orders periodic medical examinations and reporting to monitor twins' condition [Paras 6, 18-19].

Decision – Writ Petition Disposed with Directions – Held – Periodic medical examination and reporting ordered – State of Bihar directed to cover medical expenses and provide monthly financial assistance – Continuous monitoring of twins' condition mandated with possibility for future court interventions [Paras 19].

Civil Procedure – Power of Attorney – Deposition – Power of attorney holder cannot depose in place of the principal – Permitted to act within the scope of the power of attorney but cannot testify on matters requiring personal knowledge of the principal – High Court erred in accepting evidence from power of attorney holder [Paras 13].

Agreement to Sell – Readiness and Willingness – Appellant’s readiness to perform his part of the contract established – Evidence supported financial capacity and continuous efforts to uphold agreement – High Court’s finding to the contrary deemed perverse [Paras 6-12].

Subsequent Purchasers – Notice of Agreement – Trial court found subsequent purchasers had notice of prior agreement except for Respondent No. 6 – High Court failed to address this adequately – Appellant agrees to exclude Respondent No. 6’s small parcel of land from relief sought [Paras 14-15].

Compensation for Acquired Land – Appellant’s entitlement questioned as title not yet acquired – Appellant withdrew compensation amount with undertaking to return if ordered by court – Directed to refund amount with interest to Respondent No. 1 [Para 15-17].

Decision – Appeals Allowed – Held – Judgment and decree of the High Court set aside – Trial court’s decree restored – Appellant entitled to execution and registration of sale deed for remaining suit land – Directed to refund compensation with interest [Paras 16-17].

Civil Procedure – Partition and Separate Possession – Appeal against High Court’s judgment declaring the shares of parties in suit properties – High Court set aside trial court’s finding that suit properties were self-acquired – Decreed properties as joint family properties and determined shares accordingly – Supreme Court upholds High Court’s findings and share apportionment [Paras 1-17].

Joint Family Property – Determination – Evidence showed properties purchased in the name of minor Kunnaiah and his mother with no proof of self-acquisition – Properties derived from ancestral estate sales – High Court correctly identified properties as joint family properties [Paras 9-12].

Will – Validity and Effect – Will executed by late Kunnaiah bequeathing properties to Defendant No. 3 challenged – High Court held Kunnaiah could not bequeath joint family properties without co-parceners' consent – Will found non-binding on co-parceners [Paras 13-14].

Shares Allocation – Equal Distribution – High Court allocated shares: sons (Defendants 1-4) and father (late Kunnaiah) entitled to 1/5th each – Daughters and son of predeceased daughter entitled to 1/50th share each from father’s 1/5th share – Supreme Court affirms equitable distribution [Paras 16-17].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Held – High Court’s judgment affirmed – Suit properties declared joint family properties – Shares apportioned as per High Court’s determination – Appeal lacks merit and dismissed with no order as to costs [Para 17].