Civil Procedure - Pleadings - Order 6 Rule 2 CPC - Pleadings must contain concise statements of material facts - Evidence is not required to be pleaded - Held that written statements must state material facts, not evidence - Evidence beyond pleadings deemed inadmissible - Defendant's claim that land was purchased by the deceased during his lifetime based on hard work and business of purchasing and selling cattle is valid and supported by material facts pleaded in the written statement. [Para 19]

Civil Procedure - Additional Evidence - Order 41 Rule 27 CPC - Court's duty to do substantial justice while following prescribed procedure - Additional evidence can be admitted if it meets the prescribed parameters - First Appellate Court's dismissal of applications for additional evidence on flimsy grounds criticized - Court must aim to achieve substantial justice, not just adhere to procedural technicalities. [Para 21]

Coparcenary Property - High Court Rules and Orders - Proof of Coparcenary Property - Revenue records before and after consolidation must be examined - Excerpts from revenue records should be prepared by a revenue official for accurate identification - The absence of such excerpts requires the court to meticulously compare the records to establish the land's coparcenary status - More than 80% of old khasra numbers did not match new khasra numbers post-consolidation. [Para 22]

Property Purchase - Presumption - Property purchased by an individual cannot be presumed to be from joint family funds without evidence - Evidence showed that Taken purchased the land independently through his own hard work and trading activities, and the property was self-acquired - Courts should not presume property is from joint family funds without reliable evidence. [Para 24]

Counsel Arguments - Estoppel - Arguments made by counsel for partial relief do not operate as estoppel for claiming full relief - Counsel's arguments defending a part of the relief do not constitute relinquishment of remaining claims - Such arguments cannot bar further appeals for the entire relief claimed in the suit unless expressly relinquished. [Para 27]

Decision: The court quashes the concurrent findings of the lower courts, answers all questions of law in favor of the defendant-appellants, and allows RSA No. 3565 of 2005 while dismissing RSA No. 3835 of 2005.

Railways - Untoward Accident - Bona Fide Passenger - Sections 123(c)(2) and 124A of Railways Act, 1989 - Valid ticket found on deceased establishes prima facie that the person was boarding the train - Held that the deceased fell from the train due to an accident and lost his life - Respondent-Railways failed to provide cogent evidence to rebut this - Tribunal's reliance on an unproduced witness's statement criticized - Compensation of Rs. 4 lakhs with 9% interest per annum awarded to claimants - Additional exemplary costs of Rs. 25,000/- imposed on the Railways. [Paras 19, 21]

Railways - Evidence - Pleadings - Evidence beyond pleadings inadmissible - Railways failed to amend written statement to include new facts from DRM inquiry report - Tribunal erroneously relied on evidence not part of pleadings - Proper procedure not followed, denying claimants an opportunity to contest new facts. [Paras 14, 15]

Procedural Fairness - Examination of Witnesses - Adverse inference - Railways' failure to produce key witness (Pradeep Kumar) before Tribunal criticized - Tribunal erred in relying on unverified statement - Adverse inference drawn against Railways for not presenting vital witness for cross-examination - Call records supporting the witness's statement were also not produced. [Paras 17, 18]

Decision: The appeal is allowed. The Railway Claims Tribunal's decision is overturned, and the appellants are awarded a compensation of Rs. 4 lakhs with 9% interest per annum from the date of filing the claim petition till realization. Additionally, exemplary costs of Rs. 25,000/- are imposed on the Railways for their procedural lapses and the undue hardship caused to the appellants.

Evidence Law – Primary vs. Secondary Evidence – Registered Will – Registered Will kept in the office of the Sub-Registrar, bearing signatures and photographs of the testator and attesting witnesses, is primary evidence – Second copy of a registered testament has all characteristics of original testament – Registered Will not to be considered secondary evidence. [Paras 15-16]

Succession Law – Will – Suspicious Circumstances – Execution of Will – Slight deviations by attesting witnesses in cross-examination do not invalidate Will – Suspicious circumstances must have real foundation and not be based on conjectures – Registered Will with attesting witnesses’ signatures and photographs is generally to be considered valid. [Paras 18-19]

Decision – Appeals partly allowed – Judgments of the lower courts set aside – Plaintiffs entitled to 2/3rd share in the property, 1/3rd to respondent No.1 – Subordinate Courts directed to verify whether Book No.3 maintained by Registering Officers contains testamentary documents with original signatures/thumb impressions and photographs of testator and attesting witnesses. [Paras 30-35]

Civil Procedure – Lifting the Veil – Courts’ Duty – Courts must make sincere attempts to lift the veil and expose any sinister design even in civil litigation – Decisions should not be perfunctory or cursory – Lower courts failed to scrutinize the motives behind the litigation. [Para 28]

Amendment of Pleadings – Original Pleadings’ Significance – Permitting amendments does not nullify original pleadings – Admissions in unamended written statements hold unless successfully explained as erroneous – Lower courts erred by ignoring original pleadings. [Para 30]

Property Law – Sale Deed vs. Agreement to Sell – Post-Registration Significance – A registered sale deed cannot be set aside based on alleged suspicion about the prior agreement to sell, unless there is unimpeachable evidence – Courts erred by invalidating the sale deed without solid evidence. [Para 32]

Evidence Law – Relevance of Judgments – Sections 41, 42, 43 of the Indian Evidence Act – Judgments in unrelated cases are irrelevant unless they fit within specific parameters – Lower courts incorrectly considered a criminal conviction unrelated to the dispute. [Paras 35-36]

Evidence Law – Police Report – Civil Suit Basis – Police investigation reports can only serve as evidence, not the sole basis for decisions in civil suits – Lower courts incorrectly relied on police reports to invalidate the sale deed. [Para 38]

Decision – Appeals allowed – Judgments of the lower courts set aside – Suits filed by Nirmal dismissed. [Paras 40-41]

Benami Transactions – Prohibition – Order 7 Rule 11 CPC – Suit for declaration of ownership of property purchased in another's name, alleging fiduciary relationship – Application for rejection under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC dismissed – Held, legislature prohibited benami transactions, except in specified cases under Section 4(3) of the 1988 Act – Court to consider only plaint averments for Order 7 Rule 11 CPC – Plaint shows post-1988 transactions seeking ownership declaration – Suit barred by 1988 Act – Order dismissing application under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC set aside – Plaint rejected. [Paras 7, 14]

Fiduciary Relationship – Section 4(3) of Benami Act – Exception to prohibition on benami transactions includes cases where property held in fiduciary capacity – Respondent's plea based on fiduciary relationship not substantiated – All sale deeds post-1988 fall under prohibition of Benami Act. [Paras 13, 14]

Decision – Revision petitions allowed – Impugned order set aside – Application under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC allowed – Plaint rejected. [Paras 14, 15]

Property Law – Auction Purchase – Free from Encumbrances – Petitioner purchased property in e-auction from bank with assurance of no encumbrances – Sale certificate issued, but registration refused due to property attachment for previous owner's dues – Held, rights of secured creditor have priority over government dues – Petitioner under no obligation to discharge previous owner's liabilities – Writ allowed, registration directed. [Paras 1, 8, 9, 13]

Secured Creditors’ Priority – Section 31-B of Securitisation Act – Secured creditors’ rights to recover debts have priority over government dues – Government dues do not have precedence over secured creditors’ recoverable dues. [Paras 8, 9]

Legal Precedent – Auction Purchaser’s Liability – Supreme Court rulings confirm auction purchaser not liable for previous owner's dues unless entire business unit purchased – Petitioner’s purchase in e-auction thus free from previous liabilities. [Paras 10-12]

Decision – Petition allowed – Respondent No.2 directed to register sale deed in petitioner’s favor – Petitioner not liable for previous owner's dues. [Para 14]

Criminal Law – Murder – Circumstantial Evidence – Lack of Motive – Appellants convicted for murder based on circumstantial evidence and extra judicial confession – Prosecution failed to prove animosity between accused and deceased – No motive established – Motive plays crucial role in circumstantial evidence cases – Conviction based on weak motive unsustainable – Appeal allowed. [Paras 1, 24, 25, 26, 27]

Criminal Law – Extra Judicial Confession – Evidentiary Value – Appellants allegedly confessed to PW-2, who had no authority – Extra judicial confession considered weak evidence – Prosecution witnesses did not inform police immediately after confession but searched for body instead – Conduct of witnesses deemed unusual and unnatural – Prosecution failed to prove case beyond reasonable doubt – Conviction and sentence set aside. [Paras 1, 2, 25, 26]

Criminal Law – Natural Human Conduct – Witnesses’ Conduct – Witnesses' failure to inform police immediately questioned – Unusual and unnatural conduct of witnesses weakens prosecution case – Statements of prosecution witnesses not reliable. [Paras 24, 26, 27, 28]

Decision – Appeals allowed – Judgment and order of conviction dated 30.04.2005 set aside – Appellants acquitted – Bail bonds and surety bonds discharged. [Paras 32, 33]

Labour Law – Reinstatement vs. Compensation – Non-compliance with Section 25-F – Labour Court found termination invalid due to non-compliance with Section 25-F of the Industrial Disputes Act but denied reinstatement, awarding Rs. 1,20,000 as compensation – Held, compensation inadequate for 10 years of service – Following principles in similar cases, compensation increased – Petitioner entitled to reinstatement with continuity and Rs. 3 lakhs compensation. [Paras 2, 6, 13]

Labour Law – Void Termination – Void ab initio due to lack of compliance with Section 25-F – Court reiterates that non-compliance renders termination void, leading to continuity in service and reinstatement. [Paras 7, 12]

Constitutional Law – Articles 226 and 227 – Writ Jurisdiction – High Court's power to correct errors in Labour Court awards – Held, Labour Court's decision lacking adequate reasoning and failing to consider recent judgments – High Court intervenes to ensure just and reasonable relief. [Paras 9, 10]

Decision – Petition allowed – Labour Court's award modified – Petitioner reinstated with continuity in service and Rs. 3 lakhs compensation for illegal termination. [Para 13]

Insurance Law – Personal Accident Cover – Definition of Owner-Driver – Borrower of Vehicle – Tribunal awarded PAC compensation to borrower of a motorcycle – Held, term ‘owner-driver’ under GR-36 restricts PAC to the registered owner holding an effective driving license – Representative or borrower not covered – Tribunal’s award set aside, claimants entitled to compensation under Section 140 of the Act. [Paras 13-16]

Motor Vehicles Law – No-Fault Liability – Section 140 of the Motor Vehicles Act – Claimants entitled to Rs. 50,000 for no-fault liability as the borrower of the vehicle is not covered under PAC – Tribunal’s award modified accordingly. [Para 16]

Decision – Appeal allowed – Tribunal's award of Rs. 1,00,000 under PAC set aside – Claimants entitled to Rs. 50,000 under Section 140 of the Act with interest as awarded by the Tribunal – Respondents may revive the appeal if aggrieved. [Paras 17-19]