Facts:

The incident occurred on 6th January 1992, where the appellant and another person allegedly attacked and killed Mangal Singh, the brother of the complainant, in a land dispute.

The prosecution relied on eyewitness testimonies, primarily from the victim's family members and a family friend, to establish the guilt of the accused.

The defense argued that the eyewitness testimonies were unreliable and inconsistent. They pointed out discrepancies between the statements of eyewitnesses regarding the weapons used and the sequence of events.

The medical evidence presented in the case suggested that the victim's fatal injuries were caused by a sharp object, not by lathis as claimed by the prosecution.

Issues:

Whether the prosecution's case based on eyewitness testimonies and medical evidence was sufficient to establish the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt.

Whether the inconsistencies in the testimonies of eyewitnesses and the discrepancy between ocular and medical evidence undermined the credibility of the prosecution's case.

Held:

The Court found the prosecution's case lacking in reliability and coherence. They highlighted the inconsistencies in eyewitness testimonies, the absence of independent witnesses, and the contradiction between ocular and medical evidence.

The Court noted that the prime eyewitnesses were related to the deceased and failed to scrutinize the prosecution evidence with utmost care.

They emphasized that the medical evidence did not support the prosecution's claim that the fatal injuries were caused by lathis.

Consequently, the Court acquitted the appellant of all charges and ordered his immediate release, if not detained for any other offense. The appeal stands allowed accordingly.

Facts:

The suit involved a dispute over ancestral property situated in village Jawali, Taluk Phaltan, District Satara. The plaintiffs, children of Anandibai, filed a suit for partition of the property. The defendants, successors of Chimasaheb, contested the suit on grounds of adverse possession and limitation.

Issues:

Whether the suit was barred by limitation under Article 65(b) of the Limitation Act and whether it was barred by Order II Rule 2 of the CPC.

Held:

The court held that Article 65(b) of the Limitation Act applies only when the property is not claimed independently of the deceased female owner. In this case, since Shakuntalabai was the full owner of the property, the provision did not apply. Therefore, the suit was not barred by limitation under Article 65(b) (Para. 8).

Additionally, the court found that the suit was not barred by Order II Rule 2 of the CPC. The cause of action in the previous suit filed by Anandibai in 1963 was different from the cause of action in the present suit for partition. As a result, the provision of Order II Rule 2 CPC did not apply, and the suit was maintainable (Para. 14).

In conclusion, the court dismissed the appeal, finding it devoid of merits. The appellants were ordered to pay costs to the Supreme Court Bar Association Welfare Trust (Para. 17).

Facts:

In the case of Justice Sunanda Bhandare Foundation v. Union of India, the Court was dealing with the implementation of laws concerning the rights of persons with disabilities in India.

Issues:

The Court was the compliance with the provisions of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, and the responsibilities of the States and Union Territories in ensuring such compliance.

Held:

The Parliament repealed the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995, and introduced the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, to fulfill national obligations and commitments to international conventions.

The 2016 Act significantly enhances the rights of persons with disabilities, expands the categories of disabilities covered, and introduces provisions for access to justice, free education, and establishment of funds for persons with disabilities.

Considering the changes brought about by the 2016 Act, the States and Union Territories are directed to file compliance reports within a stipulated period to ensure the effective implementation of the Act.

Decision: The Court directs the State Governments and Union Territories to comply with the requirements of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, and submit compliance reports within the specified time frame.

Facts:

The appellant, defendant No. 2, appealed against the High Court's order and judgment concerning a civil suit.

The dispute arose from a document executed by the original plaintiff in favor of defendant No. 1, which was contested whether it constituted a mortgage by conditional sale or a sale out and out.

The plaintiff sought redemption of the mortgage, declaration of the sale to defendant No. 2 as void, and recovery of possession of the suit land.

The Trial Court decreed the plaintiff's suit, which was overturned by the first Appellate Court. However, the High Court reinstated the Trial Court's judgment.

The appellant challenged the High Court's decision, arguing against the interpretation of the document as a mortgage and contending that the suit was time-barred.

Issues:

Whether the document in question constitutes a mortgage by conditional sale or a sale out and out.

Whether the suit was filed within the limitation period.

Held:

The document in question was found to be a mortgage by conditional sale, satisfying the conditions under Section 58(c) of the Transfer of Property Act. The Court relied on the language of the document, the intention of the parties, and legal precedent, including the decision in Chunchun Jha v. Ebadat Ali. The High Court's interpretation was upheld.

Regarding the limitation period, the suit was filed within the prescribed 30 years under Article 61(a) of the Limitation Act, as it was within five years of the accrual of the right to redeem the mortgage.

Additionally, the Court addressed the consequences of the decree, requiring the return of the sale consideration to defendant No. 2 and execution of a sale deed in favor of the plaintiff. This decision was based on principles established in Durga Prasad v. Deep Chand.

Facts:

The appellant, Dr. T. P. Senkumar IPS, served as the State Police Chief in Kerala. However, he was transferred from his position before completing the mandated minimum tenure of two years. The State Government justified his transfer on the grounds of causing "serious public dissatisfaction about the efficiency of police." Allegations were made against the appellant regarding his handling of incidents such as a temple tragedy and a murder case. It was contended that he failed to take action against errant police officers in the temple tragedy and did not adequately respond to the murder case.

Issues:

Whether the transfer/displacement of the appellant was justified in law.

Whether the reasons cited by the State Government for the transfer were sufficient.

Whether there was any material on record to support the transfer.

Whether the appellant was unfairly and arbitrarily dealt with.

Held:

The Court observed that the reasons cited for the transfer were primarily related to the appellant's conduct post the temple tragedy, where he allegedly failed to take action against errant police officers and apportioned blame on the district administration. The reference to the murder case was deemed ancillary, and allegations of interference in investigations were considered unfounded.

The Court found that the temple tragedy and murder case were not the main reasons for the appellant's transfer. Rather, it was his post-incident conduct that led to the decision. The allegations of interference in investigations were not substantiated.

The Court noted that the Chief Minister took no action against errant police officers for over a month after being informed. Additionally, various judicial inquiries and investigations were underway, suggesting that blaming the appellant alone was unjustified.

While the police force bore significant responsibility for the temple tragedy, the district administration couldn't be absolved entirely. However, blaming only the appellant was unwarranted.

Regarding the murder case, the appellant couldn't be solely blamed for any lapses in investigation, especially considering he wasn't directly involved.

The Court found the allegations of oblique motives behind the appellant's actions unsubstantiated.

The Court emphasized that the State Government's satisfaction for transfer must be based on credible material, which was lacking in this case.

The Court reiterated the necessity for credible material to justify administrative actions such as transfer. It found no such material in this case.

Facts:

The case involves Formula One World Championship Ltd. (FOWC), a UK company, entering into a Race Promotion Contract (RPC) with Jaypee Sports, an Indian entity, for hosting the Formula One Grand Prix of India at the Buddh International Circuit. The consideration for this contract amounted to $40 million USD.

Issues:

Whether FOWC had a Permanent Establishment in India?

Whether the income earned by FOWC in India through the RPC was subject to taxation in India?

Whether Jaypee Sports was obligated to deduct tax at source under Section 195 of the Income Tax Act?

Held:

The court held that FOWC had a Permanent Establishment in India. This conclusion was based on the economic activity of conducting the F1 Championship at the Buddh International Circuit, which constituted a fixed place of business.

It was determined that FOWC's activities at the Buddh International Circuit satisfied the conditions outlined in the DTAA between India and the United Kingdom for constituting a Permanent Establishment.

FOWC had real and dominant control over the F1 event, extending beyond merely granting permission for the event. Therefore, its income earned in India through the RPC was subject to taxation in India.

Jaypee Sports was held obligated to deduct tax at source under Section 195 of the Income Tax Act on payments made to FOWC under the RPC. However, the deduction should be limited to the portion of FOWC's income attributable to its Permanent Establishment in India.

Decision: The court affirmed the taxation of FOWC's income earned in India through its activities related to the Formula One Grand Prix, emphasizing the concept of Permanent Establishment and the obligation of tax deduction at source by the Indian entity involved in the transaction.

Facts:

An F.I.R. was lodged alleging harassment by the appellant's father-in-law and mother-in-law against the deceased woman.

Trial Court relied on evidence of harassment by in-laws, medical evidence of the deceased's suicide by self-immolation, and a dying declaration made before a Sub-Divisional Magistrate.

The Trial Court acquitted the appellants of cruelty under Section 498A but convicted them under Section 306 and sentenced them to three years' imprisonment.

The High Court upheld the conviction based on the dying declaration.

Issues:

Whether the elements for abetment of suicide under Section 306 are satisfied.

The applicability of Section 113A of the Evidence Act, 1872 in the case.

Held:

The Court found that the basic ingredient of cruelty necessary for the offence under Section 498A was not established, hence, the third ingredient for the application of Section 113A (cruelty by the charged relatives) was missing.

Harassment, as found in the case, is of a lesser degree than cruelty. Moreover, there was no evidence to establish a link or intention on the part of the in-laws to assist the victim in committing suicide.

The Court referred to the Ramesh Kumar v. State of Chhattisgarh case, wherein it was stated that for the presumption under Section 113A to apply, there must be a cause-and-effect relationship between cruelty and suicide, which was lacking in this case.

Since the appellants were acquitted of the crime under Section 498A and the necessary elements for abetment of suicide under Section 306 were not established, the appeal was allowed, and the appellants were ordered to be released.

Facts:

The appellant filed a civil suit seeking declaration of title over a property and permanent injunction against the respondents.

The Trial Court dismissed the suit, leading to an appeal before the VI Additional District Judge, Kadapa.

The appellant filed an application under Order 41 Rule 27 seeking permission to file additional evidence, which was allowed by the first Appellate Court.

The first Appellate Court, after considering the additional evidence, remanded the case to the Trial Court for fresh trial on merits.

The respondents appealed to the High Court under Order 43 Rule 1(u), challenging the remand order.

The High Court set aside the remand order and restored the judgment of the Trial Court, dismissing the suit.

Aggrieved by the High Court's decision, the appellant appealed to the Supreme Court.

Issues:

Whether the first Appellate Court was justified in remanding the case to the Trial Court for fresh trial on merits?

Whether the High Court had jurisdiction to examine and decide the entire case on merits in the appeal filed under Order 43 Rule 1(u)?

Whether the first Appellate Court erred in allowing the application under Order 41 Rule 27 for additional evidence?

Held:

The Supreme Court held that the first Appellate Court was justified in remanding the case to the Trial Court for fresh trial on merits, as it had rightly allowed the application under Order 41 Rule 27 for additional evidence.

The High Court had exceeded its jurisdiction by examining and deciding the entire case on merits in the appeal filed under Order 43 Rule 1(u). Its role was limited to assessing the legality of the remand order.

The first Appellate Court did not err in allowing the application under Order 41 Rule 27 for additional evidence, as it satisfied the requirements of the Code.

The appeal was allowed, the High Court's order was set aside, and the first Appellate Court's order was restored with modification. The Trial Court was directed to decide the suit afresh on merits within six months.

Facts:

The appellant, Mangalam Organics Ltd., sought a refund of excise duty paid by them by requesting the issuance of a notification under Section 11 C of the Central Excise Act, 1944. They claimed that the duty should not have been paid based on certain prevailing practices.

Issues:

Whether the Court can direct the Government to issue a notification under Section 11 C of the Central Excise Act, 1944.

Whether the non-issuance of the notification by the Central Government violates Article 14 of the Constitution of India.

Whether the duty paid by the appellant can be refunded through the issuance of such a notification.

Held:

The Court found that there was no concrete evidence to suggest the existence of a general practice of not levying excise duty. Therefore, the appellant's attempt to recover the paid duty through the issuance of a notification under Section 11 C was not valid.

The Court made a clear distinction between the duty of a public authority to act administratively and its power to exercise statutory functions. It stated that mandamus can be issued for administrative duties but not for legislative actions.

The issuance of a notification under Section 11 C was categorized as subordinate legislation. The Court held that directing the Government to issue such a notification would amount to making a policy decision, which is beyond the Court's scope. It emphasized that the decision to issue such a notification involves various considerations and is a policy matter.

The Court further explained that while the Court can intervene if a public authority fails to discharge its statutory duty, the scope of judicial review in cases of subordinate legislation is limited. The Court will not interfere unless there is evidence of abuse of discretion or arbitrary action.

The Court acknowledged the respondent's argument that the policy of the Government is not to issue notifications under Section 11 C when it benefits only a few assesses. It found this justification valid and justified based on the policy's perspective.