Facts:

The petitioner, convicted in connection with the 1993 Bombay bomb blasts, sought a stay of execution of his death sentence, alleging procedural violations. He argued that the death warrant was issued before he could file a curative petition.

Issues:

Whether the procedures followed in issuing the death warrant were lawful and whether the petitioner had been afforded due opportunity to challenge his conviction and sentence.

Held:

The court clarified that the dismissal of the curative petition by the three senior-most judges of the Supreme Court should be considered correct and not vitiated by procedural irregularity. This clarifies the nature and significance of curative petitions.

The petitioner had multiple opportunities to challenge his conviction and sentence, including filing a review petition and a mercy petition to the President of India. He was duly informed of the rejection of his mercy petition.

The court examined the timing of the issuance of the death warrant by the TADA court and concluded that it was not void due to non-compliance with procedural requirements. The petitioner had availed several opportunities to challenge his conviction, validating the issuance of the death warrant.

Decision: The writ petition was dismissed, affirming the legality of the proceedings and the validity of the death warrant issued by the TADA court.

Facts:

The Respondent, a manufacturer of toothpaste for Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL), introduced a new product named "Close-Up Whitening" in 2001, classified under sub-heading 3306.90. The Revenue disagreed, suspecting misclassification for duty evasion. Investigation followed, revealing differences in composition and manufacturing process between Close-Up Whitening and other toothpaste products. The Commissioner upheld classification under sub-heading 3306.10, considering Close-Up Whitening as toothpaste. The Tribunal reversed this decision, classifying it as a dental cleaner under sub-heading 3306.90.

Issues:

The correct classification of Close-Up Whitening for excise duty—whether it should be classified as toothpaste (sub-heading 3306.10) or as a dental cleaner (sub-heading 3306.90).

Held:

The Court upheld the Tribunal's decision, affirming Close-Up Whitening's classification as a dental cleaner under sub-heading 3306.90. The decision was based on several factors:

Close-Up Whitening had distinct ingredients and manufacturing processes compared to traditional toothpaste, indicating it was not toothpaste but a dental cleaner.

The Court considered the expert opinion of Mr. N.H. Bijlani, who highlighted differences between toothpaste and dental cleaners, supporting the classification of Close-Up Whitening as a dental cleaner.

The Court noted that the product had been previously classified differently, and even the FDA registered it as a dental cleaner, not toothpaste, further supporting its classification.

The Court dismissed the appeals, affirming the Tribunal's decision.

Facts:

The case involved an appeal by V. K. Mishra and another against the State of Uttarakhand. The prosecution had established that the deceased was subjected to cruelty and harassment by her husband and in-laws in connection with the demand for dowry. The appellants were convicted under Section 304B of the IPC.

Issues:

The evidentiary value of the FIR, the use of police statements under Section 161 of the CrPC, the credibility of witnesses, and the validity of documents presented by the accused.

Held:

The court noted that although the FIR did not specifically mention the demand for dowry, the cruelty and torture alleged in the FIR were likely connected to the demand for money or jewelry as indicated by the complainant's statements. The FIR's omission of certain details could be attributed to the father's shock and distress over his daughter's death.

Regarding the use of police statements under Section 161 of the CrPC, the court clarified that such statements can only be used for contradiction purposes and must be duly proved. Failure to confront witnesses with their statements during cross-examination renders those statements inadmissible.

The court emphasized that the prosecution had established beyond reasonable doubt that the deceased was subjected to cruelty and harassment before her death, and the appellants failed to rebut the presumption under Section 113B of the Evidence Act. Therefore, the convictions were upheld.

However, considering factors such as the length of time the accused had already spent in custody and their age and health conditions, the court reduced the sentences. The husband's sentence was reduced to 10 years, and the in-laws' sentences were reduced to 7 years each.

Facts:

The appellant, Yakub Abdul Razak Memon, had been convicted, and his conviction was confirmed by the Supreme Court. Subsequent petitions for review and clemency were dismissed. Another application for clemency was pending before the Governor of Maharashtra.

Issues:

The handling of the curative petition and whether it had been processed in accordance with the prescribed procedure.

Held:

The court held that the curative petition had not been processed according to the rules, as it was not circulated to the judges who passed the original judgment. He emphasized the importance of adhering to procedural requirements, particularly in cases involving the deprivation of life, as guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. Justice should not be obstructed by technicalities, and thus, he ordered a reconsideration of the curative petition in line with the prescribed procedure. The execution of the death warrant was stayed until the curative petition was reconsidered.

Facts:

The appellant, Bhanushali Housing Cooperative Society Ltd., raised a dispute regarding the alleged refusal of the respondent to complete a sale transaction according to an agreement to sell executed between the parties. The dispute concerned the purchase of land for the society's objective of providing house sites to its members.

Issues:

Whether the dispute falls within the purview of Section 64 of the Madhya Pradesh Co-operative Societies Act, 1960, and if so, what constitutes a "business transaction" under the Act.

Held:

A dispute to be brought within the ambit of Section 64 must meet two essential requirements: (i) it must pertain to the constitution, management, business, or liquidation of the society, and (ii) it must involve parties specified in clauses (a) to (f) of Section 64(1.

The dispute in question did not directly involve the constitution, management, or liquidation of the society. However, the purchase of land by the society for its main business objective of providing house sites to its members was deemed to touch the business of the society.

The term "business transaction" must involve systematic and continuous activity from both parties' perspectives. A single transaction, such as the sale of immovable property, does not necessarily qualify as a business transaction if the seller is not engaged in the business of selling property for profit.

The plural expression "business transactions" in Section 64(1)(c) does not necessarily include the singular form. The intention of the provision is to encompass disputes arising from transactions that are business-oriented for both parties and involve multiple transactions.

Decision: The dispute did not fulfill both essential requirements outlined in Section 64, as it did not involve parties specified in the section and did not qualify as a business transaction under the interpretation provided by the court. Therefore, the appeal was dismissed.

Facts:

The judgment addresses instances of custodial deaths and torture in police stations and jails, and recommendations made by the Amicus Curiae to curb such violations.

Issues:

The establishment of State Human Rights Commissions, filling vacancies, setting up Human Rights Courts, installing CCTV cameras, appointment of non-official visitors, launching prosecutions, and considering deployment of women constables.

Held:

The court held that the power of State Governments to establish State Human Rights Commissions is not discretionary but coupled with a duty. Access to justice for victims of human rights violations, especially from remote regions, is crucial. The court issued various directions to address these issues, including mandating the establishment of State Human Rights Commissions, filling vacancies promptly, setting up Human Rights Courts, installing CCTV cameras, appointing non-official visitors, launching prosecutions, and considering deployment of women constables.

Decision: The court disposed of the petitions by issuing directions as mentioned in the "Held" section above.

Facts:

Eshwarappa was convicted for the murder of his wife, Latha, due to strangulation, along with other charges including cruelty under Section 498A and tampering with evidence under Section 201 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

The prosecution's case relied on circumstantial evidence, including the strained relationship between Eshwarappa and Latha, her visit to confront his paramour, and her subsequent death by strangulation.

Both the trial court and the High Court found Eshwarappa guilty based on witness testimonies and the autopsy report. However, inconsistencies were found in the dowry-related charges.

Issues:

Whether the conviction of Eshwarappa for offenses under Sections 302, 498A, and 201 of the IPC is sustainable based on the evidence presented.

Whether there were grounds to set aside the conviction under Section 498A due to inconsistencies in the dowry allegations.

Held:

The Court upheld Eshwarappa's conviction for murder and tampering with evidence but set aside the conviction under Section 498A due to inconsistencies in the dowry allegations.

The court rejected the possibility of suicide, citing the nature of the death and absence of typical signs of hanging. They found Eshwarappa's conduct suspicious, particularly his disappearance after the incident and the staged scene with a rope and stones.

The appeal was partly allowed, setting aside the conviction under Section 498A while affirming the convictions and sentences for murder and tampering with evidence.

Facts:

The case pertains to Criminal Appeal No. 1867 of 2012, where the appellant, Nanjappa, challenged a decision by the State of Karnataka. The incident occurred on March 24, 1998, and Nanjappa, at that time, was around 38 years old.

Issues:

The interpretation of Section 19 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, particularly concerning the necessity of previous sanction for prosecuting a public servant for specified offenses under the Act.

Held:

The language of sub-section (1) of Section 19 unequivocally mandates that no court can take cognizance of offenses against a public servant under specified sections of the Act without the previous sanction of the competent authority.

Sub-section (3) of Section 19 prohibits interference with an order passed by a Special Judge based on defects, omissions, or irregularities in the sanction, except where the higher court finds a failure of justice.

The trial court, in this case, correctly held the sanction to be invalid due to the incompetence of the authority issuing it. However, it erred by not discharging the accused but instead acquitted them on the merits of the case.

Considering the age of the appellant, the distant point in time since the incident, and the doubts raised about the prosecution's case, there's no compelling reason for directing a fresh trial.

Decision: The appeal is allowed, and the judgment of the trial court is upheld, with the observation that the trial court should have discharged the accused instead of acquitting them on the merits of the case.

Facts:

Dilip Kumar Sarkar, the Respondent, was working as the Controller of Examinations at the University of North Bengal.

Disciplinary proceedings were initiated against Sarkar due to irregularities and financial losses identified in the University's funds, allegedly caused by him.

Various audit reports highlighted irregularities and financial losses, leading to an investigation by the University.

The Vice-Chancellor issued an order suspending Sarkar from his duties, prompting Sarkar to file a writ petition challenging the suspension.

Issues:

Whether the suspension order issued by the Vice-Chancellor was legally valid.

Whether the Division Bench's order adequately addressed the legal questions raised in the case.

Held:

The Court found dissatisfaction with the Division Bench's approach, criticizing its confusion and failure to address key legal questions.

The Division Bench's order made conditional and contingent directions regarding the Executive Council's decision-making process and the Vice-Chancellor's powers under Section 10(6) of the North Bengal University Act, 1981.

The Supreme Court set aside the Division Bench's order and remitted the matter back to the High Court for fresh consideration.