Arbitration - Barred by limitation - Distinction between claims being barred by limitation and the application for appointment of an arbitrator being barred by limitation. [Para 52]

Cause of action - Determination of when a cause of action accrues - Cause of action arises when there is a person who can sue and another who can be sued, and when all the material facts have happened that are necessary for the plaintiff to succeed. [Para 53]

Cause of action and limitation period - Importance of understanding cause of action for calculating the limitation period - Cause of action becomes important for calculating the limitation period for bringing an action - If a party delays sending a notice for arbitration due to uncertainty about when the cause of action arose, the claim can become time-barred even before the party realizes it. [Para 55]

Limitation period for commencing arbitration - Period of limitation for commencing an arbitration runs from the date when the cause of arbitration accrued - It is the date when the claimant first acquired either a right of action or a right to require that an arbitration takes place upon the dispute concerned. [Para 56]

Negotiations and limitation period - Negotiations between the parties cannot postpone the cause of action for the purpose of limitation - The statutory time-period for enforcing a claim cannot be defeated by ongoing negotiations. [Para 63]

Conclusion - Cause of action in the present case arose when the bank guarantee was encashed in 2016 and the amount was transferred to the government account - Negotiations and attempts at an amicable settlement after this point do not save the limitation period - The claim is hopelessly time-barred - Petition rejected. [Para 68]

Animal Welfare - Legality of bovine sports under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 - Constitutional validity of Amendment Acts - Whether Amendment Acts are colorable legislation - Whether Amendment Acts relate to cultural heritage and preservation of native breeds - Whether Amendment Acts violate constitutional provisions - Whether Amendment Acts overcome defects pointed out in previous judgments - Whether Amendment Acts are valid legislations - Strict enforcement of the law. [Paras 1, 38-42]

Constitutional Law - Recognition of fundamental rights for animals - Interpretation of the Constitution - Animals as sentient beings - Obligation to protect animals from unnecessary pain and suffering - Balancing human necessity and animal welfare - Legislative competence of State Assemblies. [Paras 30, 31]

Interpretation of Legislation - Doctrine of Pith and Substance - Determining the true nature and character of legislation - Finding legislative competence - Presumption of constitutionality - Determining repugnancy between Central Act and State Act - Relationship between Amendment Acts and the 1960 Act. [Paras 33, 34]

Cultural Heritage - Jallikattu as part of Tamil culture and tradition - Necessity for religious, cultural, and social analysis - Role of the legislature in determining cultural events and traditions - Effect of Amendment Acts on the manner of conducting bovine sports - Rejection of the view that Jallikattu is not part of Tamil Nadu's cultural heritage. [Paras 30, 32]

Prevention of Cruelty to Animals - Minimizing cruelty in bovine sports - Implementation of Amendment Acts, Rules, and Notifications - Compliance with the 1960 Act - Balancing human activities and animal welfare - Impact on native breeds and agricultural activities - Relatability of Amendment Acts to specific entries in the Constitution. [Paras 37, 39]

Constitutional Rights - Articles 14, 19, and 21 - Reasonable restrictions on human activities involving animals - Protection of animal welfare - Balance between human rights and animal rights - Impact of the Amendment Acts on constitutional provisions - Compliance with previous judgments and review pleas. [Paras 30, 31, 40]

Validity of Legislation - Validity of Amendment Acts - Legislative competence of State Assemblies - Relation to cultural heritage, native breeds, and prevention of cruelty to animals - Overcoming defects pointed out in previous judgments - Presidential assent and enforcement of the law. [Paras 38, 40, 41]

Disposition - Dismissal of writ petitions - Disposal of pending applications - No order as to costs. [Para 45]

Court of Small Causes - Ex-parte decree - Application to set aside - Requirements - Compliance with proviso to Section 17 of the Act - Deposit or security to be furnished - Duty of the Court - Order promptly - Application under Section 17 to be filed before the application under Order IX Rule 13 of CPC - Permission to furnish security - Security to be acceptable and enforceable. (Para 18)

Interpretation of Section 17 of the Act - Application under Section 17 and Order IX Rule 13 filed on the same day - Compliance with proviso to Section 17 - Request for permission to deposit/furnish security - Duty of the Court to pass order promptly - No order passed on the application - Security provided independently by appellants - Unacceptable security in the form of a rented shop - Municipal Corporation as the owner - Inability to enforce the security - Non-compliance with Section 17. (Paras 21-27)

Effect of previous court judgments - Kedarnath v. State of Bihar - Provision for deposit can be dispensed with by the court - Previous application seeking direction for security required - Failure to formally apply for dispensing with security - Appellants' security not meeting the requirements of Section 17 - Full Bench judgments of Allahabad High Court - Ram Bharose v. Ganga Singh and Bhagwandas Arora v. First ADJ Rampur. (Para 22)

Consequences of non-compliance with Section 17 - Dismissal of application to set aside ex-parte decree - Upholding lower court's decision - Security furnished by appellants deemed unacceptable - Appeal dismissed - No order as to costs. (Para 28)

Criminal proceedings - Quashing of - Power of High Courts under Section 482 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cr.P.C.) - Exercise of power to prevent abuse of process of any Court or to secure ends of justice - Powers to be exercised sparingly and with caution - Clear case of abuse of process of law must be made out by accused - Guidelines laid down for exercise of powers of quashing in the case of State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal followed - Categories of cases provided for illustration - Inordinate delay in filing complaint and absence of substantive evidence considered as crucial factors. [Para 13]

2. Abuse of process of law - Inordinate delay in filing complaint - Unexplained delay of eight years in filing complaint after alleged incident - Delay deemed as misuse and abuse of process of law to settle personal scores - Continuation of malicious prosecution considered as further abuse and misuse of process of law - Prosecution quashed. [Para 17]

3. Frivolous litigation - Need to deter litigants from frivolous, irresponsible, and senseless litigation - Exemplary costs to be imposed on party initiating and continuing frivolous litigation - Serious view taken when individuals claiming to be global spiritual leaders engage in such frivolous litigations - Proliferation of frivolous cases hampers hearing of genuine cases. [Para 20]

4. Power of High Courts - Section 482 of Cr.P.C. - Power to quash proceedings - Guidelines for exercise of power provided in State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal followed - Instances where allegations do not constitute offense, allegations are absurd and improbable, or there is an express legal bar to proceedings - Proceedings maliciously instituted also justifiable ground for quashing. [Para 13]

5. Quashing of criminal proceedings - Court's duty to prevent abuse of process and secure ends of justice - Proceedings quashed when allegations made are absurd and improbable - No prima facie case made out against accused - Complaint filed after inordinate delay of eight years - Complaint deemed as misuse and abuse of process of law. [Para 17]

6. Costs - Exemplary costs imposed on respondent- directed to deposit Rs. 1,00,000 with Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association. [Para 22]

Criminal Appeal - Conviction under Section 304 Part II, IPC - Discrepancies in prosecution evidence - Variance in witness statements - Corroborative testimonies - Medical evidence - Defence version - Appellant convicted by High Court after acquittal by Trial Court - Appeal challenged on grounds of inconsistencies in evidence, non-consideration of defence witness, and passage of time - Held, minor contradictions are normal given the time lapse - Variance in witness statements attributed to inadvertent mistake - Corroborative testimonies support the prosecution's case - Medical evidence confirms the cause of death by a blunt weapon - Defence version with multiple contradictory accounts lacks credibility - High Court's reversal of acquittal justified - Appeal dismissed.

Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 - Section 24(2) - Locus of subsequent buyer to invoke Section 24(2) - Held, a subsequent buyer of the land after the completion of the acquisition process does not have the locus to invoke Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act to claim that the acquisition has lapsed. The rights under Section 24(2) are available only to the recorded owners at the time of the issuance of the notification under Section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894. [Para 7, 10]

Delhi Lands (Restrictions on Transfer) Act, 1972 - Permission for transfer of land - Effect on subsequent acquisition - Held, obtaining permission for transfer of the land under the 1972 Act does not confer the right to invoke Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act and claim that the acquisition has lapsed. The acquisition process remains unaffected by such permission, and subsequent buyers cannot assert rights under Section 24(2).[Para 6]

Land Acquisition Act, 1894 - Effect of subsequent purchase on acquisition - Held, a purchase of land after the issuance of the notification under Section 4 of the 1894 Act is void as against the State. Subsequent buyers cannot claim the benefit of Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act and challenge the acquisition proceedings as having lapsed.[Para 7, 10]

Binding precedent - Division Bench - Constitution Bench - Conflict of opinions - Referring matter to larger bench - Held, when binding decisions of larger benches and coordinate benches are available on the issue, it is not appropriate to refer the matter to a larger bench. The court must follow the binding precedents and cannot depart from them without proper grounds.[Para 10]

Rehabilitation and Resettlement - Purpose of the 2013 Act - Held, the provisions of the 2013 Act aim to provide just and fair compensation and rehabilitation to affected persons whose land has been acquired or is proposed to be acquired. Subsequent purchasers cannot be considered as landowners entitled to restoration of land or claiming benefits under the 2013 Act, as their purchases are based on void transactions.[Para 21, 23]

Public policy - Prohibition on void transactions - Effect on subsequent acquisition - Held, subsequent legislation, like the 2013 Act, does not confer any new rights on purchasers based on void transactions. The provisions of the 2013 Act do not validate such transactions and do not allow purchasers to claim rights to challenge the acquisition proceedings or seek restoration of land.[Para 21, 23]

Land acquisition - Acquisition process - Possession and compensation - Held, for the acquisition to be valid, both possession of the land and payment of compensation are essential. If either of these requirements is not fulfilled, the acquisition may be considered as having lapsed.[Para 1, 5]

High Court's decision - Appellate Court's power - Scope of interference - Held, the appellate court has the power to interfere with the High Court's decision if it is erroneous and contrary to law. In this case, the High Court erred in allowing the writ petition and declaring the acquisition as lapsed based on the subsequent buyer's claim under Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act.[Para 11]

Appeal allowed - Impugned order set aside - Writ petition dismissed - Held, the appeal is allowed, and the order passed by the High Court is set aside. The writ petition filed by the respondent.

Muslim Law - Wakf - Creation of wakf - Requirements - Property dedicated for pious, religious, or charitable purposes - Express dedication or inferred from facts and circumstances - Long usage for religious or public charitable purposes - No evidence of express dedication or long usage in present case - Suit land not established as wakf property. [Para 25-30]

Wakf Act, 1954 - Notification declaring property as wakf - Procedure - Conducting surveys, settling disputes, submitting reports - Notification must follow prescribed procedure - No evidence of compliance with prescribed procedure in present case - Notification not conclusive proof of suit land being wakf property. [Para 32-35]

High Court's direction in writ appeal - Validity - Appellant Committee's acquiescence and participation in subsequent proceedings - Estopped from disputing jurisdiction or validity of direction - Principle of acquiescence and estoppel - Cannot approbate and reprobate. [Para 38-45]

Appeals - Lack of merit - Dismissal without costs. [Para 46]

Bail application - Rejection of - Co-accused released on bail not surrendering - Whether a relevant factor to decline bail to the appellant - Held, no - Co-accused's actions cannot be attributed to the appellant - Matter requires reconsideration by the High Court.

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 - Offenses under Section 20(b)(ii)(C) - Bail application - Rejection of - Co-accused released on bail not surrendering - Not a germane factor to decline bail to the appellant - High Court directed to reconsider the application and pass orders expeditiously.

High Court - Reconsideration of bail application - Direction to dispose of the same - Preferably within a period of two months from the date of production of the order - Urgency in the disposal of the case.

Criminal Appeal - Bail application rejected - Impugned order set aside - High Court directed to take up the application and pass orders in view of framed charges and proposed examination of prosecution witnesses - Urgent disposal of the case requested.

Land ownership dispute - Nature of Sale Deed - Inconsistent stand by Respondents - Need for clarification on whether it pertains to sale of leasehold rights or title per se - High Court's parallel findings on the nature of Sale Deed criticized - Sale Deed appears to indicate sale of title rather than leasehold rights. (Para 34-38)

Determination of 1924 Lease Deed - Breach of condition of prior approval and expiry of initial lease period - Appellants' contention of breach of clause (e) regarding prior approval highlighted - Records indicating lack of prior approval - Contradictions in the records regarding approval and mutation - High Court's finding on validity of approval unsupported by evidence - Issue of determination of lease remains unresolved. (Para 40-49)

Respondents' claim through tenancy law - Validity of revenue entries - Respondents recorded as 'Occupancy Tenants' in revenue entries - Transferability of 'Occupancy Tenant' status under Section 33 of 1939 Act examined - Exceptions to transferability - Lack of evidence for transfer of status to predecessor of Respondents - High Court's sweeping remarks on tenancy status unsupported by proper analysis - Lack of clarity on proceedings granting occupancy tenant status and its relation to 'Sirdar' status under Zamindari Notification. (Para 50-54)

Lack of conclusive findings and need for remand - Ownership rights in immovable property require careful consideration

Lack of appropriate records hindering decisive conclusion - Appeal remanded to High Court for fresh adjudication on formulated issues and observations - Emphasis on examining original or certified copies of relevant records - Parties directed to maintain status quo during fresh adjudication. (Para 57-61)

Pendency and delay in proceedings - Long duration of appeals - Reluctance to give a final opinion without thorough examination of documents - Need for prompt disposal by High Court - Request for disposal within 12 months - Requisition of original records, including revenue entries and Deputy Commissioner's office records - Direction to Appellant State to assist in early disposal of matters. (Para 59-60)

Appeals allowed in part - Impugned judgments of High Court set aside - Matters remanded to High Court for fresh adjudication - Observations in judgment not treated as final determination - Parties instructed to produce relevant records - Status quo to be maintained during fresh adjudication. (Para 61-62)