Accident Claim - Golden Hour – Definition and Significance – Section 162 of Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 – Golden hour defined under Section 2(12-A) as the one hour following a traumatic injury – Critical for saving lives through prompt medical treatment – Held: Cashless treatment during the golden hour is a statutory obligation to uphold the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution [Paras 1-3].

Motor Vehicle Accident Fund – Establishment and Utilization – Section 164-B of the Motor Vehicles Act – Fund established to finance the treatment of accident victims – Central Motor Vehicles (Motor Vehicle Accident Fund) Rules, 2022 specify utilization, but cashless treatment scheme under Section 162 yet to be implemented – Held: Central Government directed to frame and implement the scheme by 14/03/2025 [Paras 4-8].

Pending Claims – Hit and Run Scheme – Data on claims reveals significant delays due to deficiencies in documentation – Directions issued to GIC to process claims with specified minimal documents and coordinate with claimants to resolve deficiencies – Portal development for claim processing expedited to avoid delays [Paras 10-12].

Decision – Central Government directed to finalize the cashless treatment scheme for golden hour victims by 14/03/2025 and report compliance – Directions issued to General Insurance Council (GIC) to process pending claims and expedite portal development [Paras 8, 12].

Criminal Law – Rape and POCSO Act – Acquittal – Respondent accused of abducting and raping a 16-year-old prosecutrix under threat of a knife – FIR filed after two days of delay, with initial report by father alleging assault by three boys unrelated to the accused – Medical examination showed no injuries; contradictions in prosecutrix’s testimony regarding assault – Trial Court and High Court acquitted the accused for lack of credible evidence – Supreme Court upheld acquittal – Held: Sole testimony of prosecutrix must inspire confidence to convict; prosecutrix’s testimony contradictory and lacked corroboration – Appeal dismissed [Paras 4–12].

Delay in FIR – Unexplained Delay – Incident allegedly occurred on 16.09.2014; FIR lodged on 18.09.2014 – Trial Court found delay unexplained and raised doubts about the veracity of allegations – High Court and Supreme Court concurred that delay undermined prosecution’s case in the absence of corroborative evidence [Paras 5, 7, 12].

Testimony of Prosecutrix – Contradictions and Credibility – Prosecutrix’s testimony contradicted her earlier statements under Section 164 CrPC and her examination-in-chief – Allegations of hitting the accused with a danda varied in description, with no injuries found on the accused during surrender – Supreme Court emphasized that conviction based on sole testimony of prosecutrix requires absolute confidence in its reliability, which was absent in this case [Paras 9–10].

Absence of Resistance or Alarm – Credibility Questioned – Prosecutrix stated that accused, known to her, threatened her with a knife but raised no alarm while being taken through a public bazaar and into a shop – Supreme Court noted that prosecutrix’s explanation failed to inspire confidence, as circumstances contradicted normal behavior in such situations [Paras 11–12].

Medical Evidence – Lack of Injuries – Medical examination revealed torn hymen but no external injuries on prosecutrix – Supreme Court noted absence of corroborative medical evidence to support allegations of force or assault, further weakening prosecution’s case [Paras 9, 12].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Orders of Trial Court and High Court acquitting the respondent upheld – Supreme Court reiterated caution in convicting based on sole testimony without corroboration in rape cases [Paras 12–13].

Property Law – Lease and Conveyance – Application for Conveyance – Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) denied conveyance of Block-A to Century Textiles & Industries Limited post lease expiration – High Court allowed writ petition directing conveyance – Supreme Court held: Neither statutory framework nor lease terms imposed any obligation on MCGM to convey the property – Absence of clear covenant in lease deed or statutory mandate precludes any claim for conveyance [Paras 44-53, 55].

Statutory Interpretation – Harmonious Construction – Sections 48(a) and 51(2) of Bombay Improvement Trust Transfer Act, 1925 – Conflict alleged between requirement to restore premises in good condition and entitlement to conveyance – Held: Provisions to be harmonized – Restoration duty remains intact unless lease or statutory framework permits conveyance – "Shall convey" in Section 51(2) interpreted as contingent, not absolute – Avoids rendering Section 48(a) otiose [Paras 45-52].

Delay and Laches – 61-Year Delay in Seeking Relief – Lease expired in 1955; writ petition filed in 2016 after 10-year delay post statutory notice in 2006 – High Court erred in ignoring delay – Supreme Court: Doctrine of laches bars such delayed claims – Respondent's conduct deemed deliberate and non-diligent – Writ petition ought to have been dismissed [Paras 56-63].

Public Welfare – Abuse of Beneficial Legislation – Lease for housing poorer classes under welfare scheme – Respondent sought commercial redevelopment contrary to lease terms – Held: Breach of lease purpose undermines legislative intent – Diverting public welfare objectives for private profit subverts statutory framework [Paras 64-69].

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court judgment set aside – Writ petition dismissed – Pending applications disposed of.

NDPS Act – Interim Release of Seized Vehicle – Principles and Applicability – Appeal against Gauhati High Court judgment dismissing writ petition challenging the denial of interim release of a seized vehicle used in alleged drug transportation – Appellant sought interim custody under Sections 451 and 457 Cr.P.C. – Respondent contended NDPS Act precludes such interim release – Held: Interim release permissible under Cr.P.C. provisions unless inconsistent with NDPS Act – Appellant found not complicit in the crime – Vehicle's prolonged retention by police without valid purpose would cause unnecessary deterioration and loss – Appeal allowed, vehicle ordered to be released under strict conditions. [Paras 19-36].

NDPS Act – Confiscation of Vehicle – Scope of Section 60 – A vehicle used for transporting narcotics is liable for confiscation only after conclusion of trial and conviction – Owner can avoid confiscation by proving lack of knowledge or connivance in the illicit use – Interim release possible if no allegation against owner exists or owner shows due diligence to prevent misuse – Differentiation made between vehicles owned/used by accused and those owned by innocent parties – Present case involves the fourth scenario: contraband recovered from a third-party occupant without owner's knowledge or consent [Paras 29-32].

General Criminal Law Principles – Applicability of Sections 451 and 457 Cr.P.C. – No express bar under NDPS Act for invoking Cr.P.C. provisions regarding interim custody – Section 51 NDPS Act allows Cr.P.C. to supplement unless inconsistent – Trial Court empowered to order interim release of vehicles if factual circumstances justify such relief – Past rulings affirm discretion for interim custody in appropriate cases [Paras 19-23, 31-32].

Judicial Presumptions – Absurd or Unjust Results – Courts lean against interpretations leading to absurdity – State's interpretation would require indefinite retention of any vehicle used in drug transportation, including planes or buses, till trial conclusion – Judicial notice taken of practical concerns like weather damage to seized vehicles during prolonged storage – Beneficial release ensures utility, prevents waste, and serves wider societal and economic interests [Paras 24-28, 34-35].

Conditions for Interim Release – Safeguards to Ensure Availability for Trial – Vehicle's release contingent upon preparation of inventory (videography, photographs) authenticated by involved parties – Prohibition on sale or transfer of ownership during trial – Owner required to furnish bond and undertaking to produce vehicle on demand or compensate its value as determined by court – Released vehicle must remain accessible for trial proceedings [Paras 28, 36].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Trial Court directed to release the seized vehicle to the appellant (registered owner) on superdari with conditions – Appellant barred from transferring ownership or altering vehicle’s condition – Undertaking required to ensure vehicle's availability during trial and compliance with final court orders. [Paras 36].

Criminal Law – Compounding of Non-Compoundable Offenses – Exceptional Circumstances Warrant Relief – Applicant sought relief for compounding of offense under Section 326 IPC based on a voluntary settlement reached post-conviction – Supreme Court exercised inherent powers to recognize the compromise despite Section 326 being non-compoundable under CrPC – Held: Amicable settlement in exceptional circumstances justified invoking inherent powers to reduce the sentence to the period already undergone [Paras 4-5, 8].

Criminal Procedure – Inherent Powers of Supreme Court – Compromise Between Parties – Section 326 IPC Non-Compoundable – The Court noted the voluntary nature of the settlement, compensation of ₹5,80,000 paid by the applicant, and complainant’s unequivocal consent – Exercise of inherent powers warranted to promote peace and harmony and prevent future discord [Paras 5-6].

Sentencing – Reduction of Sentence – Based on Amicable Settlement – Sentence of one year reduced to the period already undergone considering exceptional facts, voluntary compromise, and applicant’s effort to resolve disputes [Paras 8-9].

Decision: Miscellaneous Application allowed – Conviction upheld – Sentence reduced to the period already undergone – Related I.A. disposed of .

Anticipatory Bail – Imposition of Maintenance Condition – High Court Exceeded Jurisdiction – Condition Set Aside – Held: Bail conditions under Section 438 CrPC should ensure that the accused does not abscond or evade trial – Imposing a condition to pay maintenance is irrelevant to the bail process and is beyond the scope of the court's power – Reference made to Munish Bhasin vs. State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi), (2009) 4 SCC 45 – The High Court’s imposition of a maintenance condition in its order dated 17.07.2023 is quashed – Trial Court directed to impose appropriate bail conditions ensuring the appellant's presence during trial [Paras 7-12].

Criminal - Appeal against Conviction – Murder - Credibility of Witness Testimony – Minor Contradictions Not Fatal – Conviction Upheld - The appellants argued inconsistencies in witness statements and alleged bias due to political rivalry. The Court held that minor contradictions do not impair the credibility of eyewitness accounts when corroborated by medical and circumstantial evidence. [Paras 14-15, 20-23].

Doctrine of Falsus in Uno, Falsus in Omnibus – Not Applicable in Indian Law - The Court reiterated that this doctrine is not a rule of evidence in Indian jurisprudence. Testimonies can be partly believed if they inspire confidence, even if some portions are found unreliable. [Paras 19, 25].

Investigation Lapses – Not Grounds for Acquittal if Core Evidence is Strong - The defense highlighted investigative lapses, including alleged tampering with FIR details. The Court observed that defects in investigation do not vitiate the prosecution's case if eyewitness and medical evidence remain consistent and credible. [Paras 17, 22].

Homicidal Death Established – Medical Evidence Corroborates Witness Accounts - Postmortem reports confirmed that the deaths of the victims resulted from injuries inflicted during the attack, validating the prosecution's narrative. [Paras 13-14].

Conviction Under Explosive Substances Act – A3's Role Affirmed - A3's use of a bomb during the incident was sufficient to sustain his conviction under Section 5 of the Explosive Substances Act. [Para 24].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed, Convictions Upheld - The Supreme Court found no fault in the High Court's judgment, maintaining the conviction of the appellants while dismissing the appeal. [Paras 26-27].

Criminal Law – Quashing - Cheating Allegations – Ingredients Not Established – FIR Quashed - The appellant was accused of selling property without the consent of co-owners. The court held that the allegations did not meet the essential ingredients of Section 415 IPC, as the appellant did not induce any deception or harm to the complainant. [Paras 8-13].

Civil vs. Criminal Dispute – Predominantly Civil Nature – Criminal Proceedings Abused - The dispute related to the sale of undivided shares in a property, a matter already under adjudication in pending civil suits. Initiation of criminal proceedings two years after filing civil suits, with suppressed material facts, was deemed an abuse of process. [Paras 10-13].

Role of Complainant in Cheating Allegations – Third-Party Complaint Invalid - Relying on precedent, the court reiterated that a third party, not the purchaser, cannot allege cheating where no direct deception is evident. The sale was limited to the legal rights of the co-owners, with no misrepresentation regarding the complainant's interests. [Paras 12-13].

Decision – FIR Quashed, No Prejudice to Pending Civil Suits - The Supreme Court quashed the FIR registered against the appellant and clarified that its decision did not affect the merits of the pending civil dispute. Appeal allowed. [Paras 13-14].

Negotiable Instruments Act – Cognizance – Delay in Filing Complaint – Impermissible Cognizance – Respondent filed complaint under Section 138 of NI Act with a delay of two days – Magistrate took cognizance before condoning the delay – Supreme Court held that satisfaction of the Court regarding delay under proviso to Section 142(1)(b) must precede taking of cognizance – Cognizance taken without prior condonation is contrary to law and not a mere curable irregularity – Complaint quashed [Paras 13-15].

Criminal Procedure – Section 482 CrPC – Quashing of Proceedings – Magistrate erred in taking cognizance prior to deciding application for condonation of delay – High Court wrongly treated the irregularity as curable and refused to quash complaint – Supreme Court reversed High Court’s decision and quashed the complaint as the mandatory condition precedent for cognizance was not fulfilled [Paras 6-9, 14-15].

Interpretation of Statutes – Proviso to Section 142(1)(b) NI Act – Supreme Court clarified that legislative intent requires satisfaction regarding delay before cognizance – Reliance placed on Dashrath Rupsingh Rathod v. State of Maharashtra – Procedural safeguard under proviso to Section 142(1)(b) must be strictly followed to protect rights of the accused [Paras 12-14].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Order of Karnataka High Court dated 28.06.2024 set aside – Complaint in CC No. 1439 of 2014 quashed – Held that cognizance taken before condoning delay was impermissible under law [Para 15].