Juvenile Justice - Determination of Juvenility - Appeal - Appellant's plea of juvenility raised before Supreme Court - Initial finding of Principal Magistrate, Juvenile Justice Court, Narnaul, that appellant was a juvenile - Sessions Judge, Narnaul, reversed finding based on date of birth in Deaths and Births Register - High Court upheld Sessions Judge's finding - Supreme Court reconsidered in light of amended provisions of Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 and decisions in Hari Ram and other cases. Held, appellant was entitled to benefits of Juvenile Justice Act, 2000. [Paras 6-17]

Juvenile Justice - Application of 2000 Act - Amendments - Effect - Appellant over 16 but below 18 years of age on date of commission of offense - Section 2(k) and 20 of 2000 Act read with amendments applicable - Appellant deemed a juvenile - Appeal allowed - Conviction set aside - Appellant directed to be produced before Juvenile Justice Board for appropriate orders. [Paras 13-16]

Decision - Appeal allowed - Sentence imposed by Additional Sessions Judge and affirmed by High Court set aside - Appellant directed to be released from prison and produced before Juvenile Justice Board, Narnaul, for passing appropriate orders in accordance with Juvenile Justice Act, 2000. [Para 16-17]

Administrative Law - Promotion and Cadre Classification - Appeal against High Court's decision reversing CAT's order granting promotion - Appellant sought parity in promotional designations and pay with counterparts in Indian Audit and Accounts Department under Official Memorandum dated 22nd September, 1992 - High Court held CAT not an 'Organized Accounts Cadre' - Supreme Court upheld High Court's decision - Observed that CAT is an independent entity under Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, governed by separate Recruitment Rules, 1990 - O.M. dated 22nd September, 1992, held inapplicable to CAT's accounts personnel - Appeal dismissed. [Paras 1-17]

Organized Accounts Cadre - Definition and Applicability - Analysis - Held - Appellant's claim based on 'Organized Accounts Cadre' definition under IV Pay Commission recommendations and relevant O.M. found inapplicable to CAT's cadre - CAT's Recruitment Rules, 1990, govern its hierarchy - No provision for 'Sr. Accounts Officer' in CAT's cadre - Appellant's promotion limited to existing hierarchical posts - Court found no merit in appellant's argument for parity with Indian Audit and Accounts Department. [Paras 14-16]

Judicial Interpretation - Recruitment Rules vs. Official Memorandum - Court analyzed applicability of recruitment rules specific to CAT and distinguished them from general O.M. provisions - Affirmed that recruitment and service conditions of CAT officers are independent and self-contained - Distinguished from cases involving other Central Government departments or isolated posts cited by appellant. [Paras 12-16]

Decision - Appeal Dismissed - Supreme Court dismissed the appeal, affirming High Court's judgment that CAT does not fall under 'Organized Accounts Cadres' as per O.M. dated 22nd September, 1992 - Appellant not entitled to claimed promotion - No arbitrariness or discrimination found in respondents' actions. [Para 17]

Criminal Law - Conviction for Murder - Appellate Review - Benefit of Doubt -

Appeal against the conviction under Section 302 IPC and Section 27 of the Arms Act - Appellant not named in the FIR and belated identification by eyewitnesses - Held, in light of discrepancies and lack of concrete evidence directly implicating the appellant at the crime scene, conviction cannot be sustained - Appellant granted benefit of doubt and acquitted. [Paras 1-25]

Framing of Charges and Examination under Section 313 CrPC -

Observation on the inadequacies in framing of charges and examination of accused under Section 313 CrPC - Held, improper framing of charges and perfunctory examination under Section 313 CrPC observed - Recommendation for corrective steps to ensure proper judicial process in trials. [Para 15]

Identification of Accused - Witness Credibility -

Analysis of witness testimonies, particularly PWs 4 and 6 - Discrepancies in naming the appellant and the delay in recording statements - Held, due to inconsistencies and delayed identification, reliance on such testimonies for conviction deemed unsafe. [Paras 17-24]

Decision:

Conviction and sentence of the appellant under Section 302 IPC and Section 27 of the Arms Act set aside - Appellant acquitted and directed to be released forthwith unless required in any other case. The appeal is allowed, the conviction and sentence of the appellant are set aside. The appellant is directed to be released forthwith unless he is wanted in some other criminal case. [Para 25]

Income Tax - Advance Tax - Liability to Pay - Civil Appeals addressing whether interest under Section 234B can be levied on tax calculated based on book profits under Section 115JA of the Income Tax Act, 1961 - Whether advance tax was payable on book profits under Section 115JA. [Paras 1-10]

Provisions Interpretation - Sections 115JA and 115JB - Held - Specific provisions for MAT (Minimum Alternate Tax) companies under Sections 115JA and 115JB do not exclude the applicability of Sections 234B and 234C - MAT companies liable to pay advance tax and interest under Sections 234B and 234C in case of defaults. [Paras 7-10]

Conflict of Judgments - Kwality Biscuits Case - Karnataka High Court's judgment in Kwality Biscuits Ltd. (2000) not applicable - Differentiation by subsequent judgment in Jindal Thermal Power Co. Ltd. (2006) - Section 115JB a self-contained code. [Paras 9-10]

Decision - Appeals by Revenue Allowed - Assessee's failure to pay advance tax under MAT provisions incurs interest under Sections 234B and 234C - CBDT Circular No. 13/2001 non-applicable to MAT companies - Interest levied justified. [Para 10]

Motor Vehicles Act - Accident Arising Out of Use of Motor Vehicle - Civil Appeal against High Court decision allowing compensation for victims of a fire and explosion following a road accident involving a petrol tanker - Supreme Court upholds High Court’s decision based on precedent.

Interpretation of 'Use of Motor Vehicle' - Held - Explosion and fire in the petrol tanker resulting from an earlier road accident constitute an accident arising out of the use of the motor vehicle - Prior Supreme Court judgment in Shivaji Dayanu Patil applied.

Binding Nature of Precedents - Held - Tribunal must follow Supreme Court's interpretation when facts remain unchanged - Supreme Court’s decision in Shivaji Dayanu Patil is binding and conclusive on similar facts.

Decision: Appeal dismissed, affirming High Court’s judgment granting compensation to the victims.

Criminal Law - Conviction and Sentence Modification - Criminal Appeal against High Court's order converting acquittal to conviction under Section 302 IPC - Incident involving a drunken quarrel where the appellant inflicted a fatal blow with a spade on the deceased - Supreme Court held that the act lacked premeditated intent to kill, thereby warranting conviction under Section 304 Part II IPC instead of Section 302 IPC - Sentence reduced to five years of rigorous imprisonment with benefit of period already undergone - High Court's judgment modified accordingly. [Paras 1-11]

Analysis of Intent and Circumstances - Evaluation of evidence from eye-witnesses and extra-judicial confessions - Held - Evidence established the occurrence of the quarrel and subsequent fatal blow - Accused acted under circumstances of removing a drunken and adamant individual from his house, resulting in an unintended fatal injury - Supreme Court emphasized the absence of premeditated intent to murder, altering the conviction to culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Section 304 Part II IPC. [Para 9-10]

Decision - Modification of Conviction and Sentence - Appeal partly allowed by modifying the conviction from Section 302 IPC to Section 304 Part II IPC - Sentence of rigorous imprisonment for five years awarded with deduction for the period already undergone - High Court's conviction under Section 302 IPC set aside, modifying it under Section 304 Part II IPC. [Para 11]

Criminal Law – Insanity Plea – Appeal against conviction under Section 302 IPC and Section 27 of the Arms Act – Appellant claimed insanity at the time of the offence, invoking Section 84 IPC – The trial court and High Court rejected the insanity plea, leading to the appeal before the Supreme Court – The Supreme Court examined whether the appellant was of unsound mind at the time of the incident – Held that the evidence did not support the appellant’s claim of insanity, and the plea of legal insanity under Section 84 IPC was not established – Conviction and sentence upheld. [Paras 1-13]

Legal Insanity vs. Medical Insanity – Analysis – Held – Differentiation between legal and medical insanity – Legal insanity must be established to absolve criminal liability – Appellant’s behavior post-offence indicated awareness of wrongdoing – Medical evidence insufficient to prove incapacity to understand nature of act at the time of crime – Prescriptions and mental health records did not conclusively prove unsoundness of mind at the crucial time. [Para 9-11]

Onus of Proof – Section 105 Evidence Act – Held – Burden of proving insanity lies on the accused – Proof required by preponderance of probabilities, not beyond reasonable doubt – Appellant failed to discharge this burden – Evidence showed appellant knew the nature and wrongness of the act. [Para 10]

Decision – Conviction and Sentence Upheld – Supreme Court dismisses appeal – Reiterates requirement for clear and convincing evidence to establish legal insanity – Finds no merit in the appellant’s plea, upholding the conviction under Section 302 IPC and Section 27 of the Arms Act. [Para 13]

Criminal Law - Conviction and Sentence Modification - Criminal Appeal against High Court's order converting acquittal to conviction under Section 302 IPC - Incident involving a drunken quarrel where the appellant inflicted a fatal blow with a spade on the deceased - Supreme Court held that the act lacked premeditated intent to kill, thereby warranting conviction under Section 304 Part II IPC instead of Section 302 IPC - Sentence reduced to five years of rigorous imprisonment with benefit of period already undergone - High Court's judgment modified accordingly. [Paras 1-11]

Analysis of Intent and Circumstances - Evaluation of evidence from eye-witnesses and extra-judicial confessions - Held - Evidence established the occurrence of the quarrel and subsequent fatal blow - Accused acted under circumstances of removing a drunken and adamant individual from his house, resulting in an unintended fatal injury - Supreme Court emphasized the absence of premeditated intent to murder, altering the conviction to culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Section 304 Part II IPC. [Para 9-10]

Decision - Modification of Conviction and Sentence - Appeal partly allowed by modifying the conviction from Section 302 IPC to Section 304 Part II IPC - Sentence of rigorous imprisonment for five years awarded with deduction for the period already undergone - High Court's conviction under Section 302 IPC set aside, modifying it under Section 304 Part II IPC. [Para 11]

Criminal Law – Insanity Plea – Appeal against conviction under Section 302 IPC and Section 27 of the Arms Act – Appellant claimed insanity at the time of the offence, invoking Section 84 IPC – The trial court and High Court rejected the insanity plea, leading to the appeal before the Supreme Court – The Supreme Court examined whether the appellant was of unsound mind at the time of the incident – Held that the evidence did not support the appellant’s claim of insanity, and the plea of legal insanity under Section 84 IPC was not established – Conviction and sentence upheld. [Paras 1-13]

Legal Insanity vs. Medical Insanity – Analysis – Held – Differentiation between legal and medical insanity – Legal insanity must be established to absolve criminal liability – Appellant’s behavior post-offence indicated awareness of wrongdoing – Medical evidence insufficient to prove incapacity to understand nature of act at the time of crime – Prescriptions and mental health records did not conclusively prove unsoundness of mind at the crucial time. [Para 9-11]

Onus of Proof – Section 105 Evidence Act – Held – Burden of proving insanity lies on the accused – Proof required by preponderance of probabilities, not beyond reasonable doubt – Appellant failed to discharge this burden – Evidence showed appellant knew the nature and wrongness of the act. [Para 10]

Decision – Conviction and Sentence Upheld – Supreme Court dismisses appeal – Reiterates requirement for clear and convincing evidence to establish legal insanity – Finds no merit in the appellant’s plea, upholding the conviction under Section 302 IPC and Section 27 of the Arms Act. [Para 13]