Public Trusts – Misappropriation of Government Properties – Inquiry through Economic Offences Wing: The Supreme Court held that there was no warrant to direct an inquiry through the Economic Offences Wing of the State Government as there was no finding of mens rea on the part of the trustees. The High Court did not record any finding based on material that the alienation made by the trustees resulted in causing loss to the trust or that the entire sale consideration was diverted for personal use. The entire consideration received from the purchasers was credited to the account of the trust. Allegations of misappropriation should be examined by authorities under the Public Trusts Act, not through the Economic Offences Wing. The High Court's direction was based on an erroneous assumption of misappropriation of government properties without any registered offence against the trustees​​.

Public Trusts – Applicability of Public Trusts Act – Khasgi Trust Properties-The Court emphasized that the Khasgi Trust is governed by the Madhya Pradesh Public Trusts Act, 1951. The trustees’ authority to alienate trust properties without permission was limited by Section 14 of the Act, which requires prior sanction from the Registrar for any sale, mortgage, exchange, or gift of immovable property. The Trust, being a public trust, is subject to the regulatory framework of the Act​​.

Trust Deed – Interpretation and Legal Implications: The Trust Deed executed in 1962 and the supplementary deed of 1972, which included a clause allowing the trustees to alienate trust properties, did not exempt the Trust from compliance with Section 14 of the Public Trusts Act. The Court held that such powers are subject to the constraints imposed by Section 14 and cannot override statutory requirements​​.

Decision: The Supreme Court set aside the High Court’s direction for an inquiry by the Economic Offences Wing, holding it to be non-est in law. The Registrar was directed to initiate necessary proceedings under the Public Trusts Act and carry them to a logical conclusion​​.

Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 – Definition of Forest Land – Section 2: The Supreme Court held that land covered by a special order issued under Section 4 of the PLPA can be classified as forest land within the meaning of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The object of the Forest Act is to provide for the conservation of forests and matters connected therewith. The Act applies to all forests, irrespective of the nature of ownership or classification, including lands notified under the PLPA​​.

PLPA Notifications – Restrictions and Sustainable Development: The Court emphasized that the restriction on non-forest use of forest land without the prior approval of the Central Government aims to regulate the use of such land to ensure sustainable development and prevent ecological imbalance. Even private forest land cannot be used for non-forest purposes without such approval. This is crucial to maintain the ecological balance and protect the environment from degradation​​.

State Government’s Role – Regulatory Framework: The judgment highlighted that the State Government cannot permit the use of forest land for non-forest activities without obtaining prior approval from the Central Government. This regulatory framework is intended to prevent the depletion of green cover and ensure that any permissible non-forest use adheres to principles of sustainable development. The decision reaffirmed the necessity of adhering to statutory requirements for forest conservation​​.

Decision: The appeals were allowed, and the High Court’s order was set aside. The Supreme Court directed that the lands covered under the special orders issued by the Government of Haryana under Section 4 of the PLPA should be treated as forest land within the meaning of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The State Government was instructed to comply with the requirements of the Act and seek the necessary approvals from the Central Government for any non-forest use of such lands​​.

Medical Termination of Pregnancy – Unmarried Women – Legal Interpretation – Section 3(2)(b) of the MTP Act: The Supreme Court held that the exclusion of unmarried women from the ambit of Rule 3B of the MTP Rules is violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. The Court emphasized a purposive interpretation of the term "change of marital status" under Rule 3B to include unmarried women whose relationships have failed. The Court observed that Parliament, through the MTP Amendment Act, 2021, intended to extend the benefit of safe abortion to all women irrespective of their marital status by replacing "husband" with "partner" in Explanation I to Section 3(2) of the Act​​.

Reproductive Choice – Right to Privacy and Bodily Autonomy – Article 21 of the Constitution: The judgment underscored that a woman's right to reproductive choice is an inseparable part of her personal liberty under Article 21. This includes the right to make decisions regarding abortion. Denying an unmarried woman the right to a safe abortion infringes upon her personal autonomy and bodily integrity​​.

Delay in Judicial Process – Impact on Rights – Interim Relief: Given the delay in judicial processes, the Court held that such delays should not prejudice the petitioner. It directed the immediate constitution of a Medical Board to ascertain the safety of terminating the pregnancy and to proceed with the abortion if it posed no risk to the petitioner’s life​​.

Decision: The Supreme Court allowed the petition, modifying the High Court's order and directing the AIIMS Medical Board to evaluate and, if safe, perform the abortion. The petitioner should not be denied the benefit of the statute due to her unmarried status, and the judicial delay should not work to her prejudice​​.

Land Acquisition – Fraud on Power – Section 4 Notification: The Supreme Court held that the decision of the State of Haryana to withdraw from the land acquisition after the notification under Section 4 was a fraud on power. The judgment invalidated all transfers effected from the date of publication of the notification under Section 4 to the date of the State's decision to revoke the acquisition on 29.01.2010, declaring the State's decision as mala fide and inoperative​​.

Regulatory Framework – Development Rights – Collaboration Agreements: The Court examined the nature of collaboration agreements where landowners transferred development rights to developers during the period of acquisition notification. The collaboration agreements were deemed to involve significant transfers of rights and interests in the property, effectively constituting a 'transfer' despite the nominal retention of title by the landowners​​.

Decision: The Supreme Court set aside the High Court's direction for an inquiry by the Economic Offences Wing, holding it to be non-est in law. The Registrar was directed to initiate necessary proceedings under the Public Trusts Act and carry them to a logical conclusion. The lands covered by the collaboration agreements were to be considered as 'transfers' within the meaning of the main judgment, necessitating compliance with the Acquisition Act and related statutory requirements​​.

Rights of Migrant Labourers – Registration and Welfare Schemes – Article 21: The Supreme Court directed the Central Government to develop a portal in consultation with the National Informatics Centre (NIC) for the registration of unorganized labourers/migrant workers. It emphasized the necessity of completing the registration process under the National Database for Unorganised Workers (NDUW Project) by 31.07.2021 and fully implementing it by 31.12.2021, ensuring all concerned States/Union Territories and contractors cooperate to register these workers so they can benefit from welfare schemes​​.

Provision of Foodgrains – Pandemic Measures: The Central Government was instructed to distribute additional foodgrains as demanded by States/Union Territories to migrant labourers. The allocation was to be based on the States' needs under the 'Open Market Sales Scheme.' The Court also mandated the States to establish a scheme for distributing dry rations to migrant labourers, operational by 31.07.2021, and to continue it throughout the pandemic​​.

One Nation One Ration Card Scheme – Implementation: States yet to implement the 'One Nation One Ration Card' scheme were ordered to do so by 31.07.2021. Additionally, the Central Government was directed to reassess the total number of persons to be covered under the National Food Security Act, 2013, to ensure coverage beyond the 2011 census figures, considering population growth and ensuring no eligible person is left out​​.

Running Community Kitchens: States/Union Territories were directed to operate community kitchens in areas with significant numbers of migrant labourers, ensuring they receive adequate meals at least until the pandemic subsides​​.

Decision: The Supreme Court directed the completion of the registration of unorganized workers within six weeks and the implementation of foodgrain distribution and community kitchen schemes. It also emphasized the need for the Central Government to update the NFSA beneficiary lists to reflect current population data, ensuring the right to food under Article 21 is upheld​​.

Civil Procedure – Substitution of Legal Representatives – Appellant's application for substitution as legal representative of his deceased mother was rejected by the Trial Court and affirmed by the High Court – Appellant contended he was entitled to be substituted based on a registered Will – Supreme Court held that the appellant's entitlement as a legal heir could not be denied, and the application for substitution should not have been dismissed [Paras 1-13].

Order XXII, Rule 5 of CPC – Procedure for Substitution – Court emphasized that the Trial Court should have conducted an inquiry as per Rule 5 of Order XXII, if required, rather than outright dismissing the application – Proper procedural approach for determining the rightful legal representative highlighted [Para 11].

Legal Heirs – Inclusion in Suit – Addressed the necessity of impleading all legal heirs in the suit – Appellant's substitution should have been considered within the framework of testamentary and non-testamentary succession laws [Paras 7-10].

Decision – Appeal Allowed – Held – Orders by the Trial Court and High Court set aside – Application for substitution restored for reconsideration by the Trial Court in accordance with the law – No order as to costs [Para 13].

Arbitration – Appointment of Arbitrator – Disputes between IOCL and NCC Ltd. – High Court appointed arbitrators under Section 11 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 – Supreme Court examined the scope of court’s jurisdiction under Section 11, focusing on whether certain disputes fall within “excepted matters” as per the contract – Held that courts should perform a prima facie review to determine if a dispute is arbitrable, particularly regarding "excepted matters" stipulated in the contract [Paras 1-11].

Arbitration Clause – Interpretation – Contract included specific clauses excluding certain matters from arbitration, termed as "excepted matters" – Supreme Court emphasized party autonomy in arbitration agreements and the necessity to honor the contractual provisions that exclude certain disputes from arbitration – Reviewed whether the claims were notified as per contractual requirements [Paras 10.2-10.7].

Section 11(6-A) of the Arbitration Act – Scope of Review – Limited judicial intervention at the stage of appointment of arbitrators – Court’s role is confined to the existence of an arbitration agreement and prima facie review of arbitrability – Full and final settlement of claims by NCC Ltd. discussed, impacting the arbitrability of the claims – Court underscored the importance of adhering to statutory and contractual frameworks in arbitration [Paras 10.8-10.11].

Decision – Appeals allowed – Held – Orders of the High Court appointing arbitrators set aside – Determined that the disputes raised by NCC Ltd. were not arbitrable as they fell within the "excepted matters" under the contract – Highlighted the significance of proper procedural adherence in contractual and arbitration matters [Para 13].

Hindu Law – Suit for Partition – Succession opened in 1948 before the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 – Daughter born posthumously has no right to the joint family property as per prevailing law prior to 1956 – Adoption of a son by the widow relates back to the time of the death of the adoptive father, rendering the adopted son as the sole heir, divesting the daughter's rights [Paras 1-18].

Doctrine of Relation Back – Adoption by Widow – Adoption relates back to the date of the adoptive father’s death – Adopted son considered as being in existence from the date of the father's death, excluding other heirs such as daughters – Discussed in context of decisions by the Supreme Court in Govind Hanumantha Rao Desai v. Nagappa alias Narahari Laxman Rao Deshpande and Shripad Gajanan Suthankar v. Dattaram Kashinath Suthankar [Paras 5-11].

Rights of Daughter – Daughter’s claim for partition dismissed – High Court correctly applied the doctrine of relation back – Daughter not recognized as an heir due to the presence of an adopted son, who is considered as a natural son by legal fiction [Paras 12-15].

Remarriage of Widow – Impact on Inheritance – Remarriage of the mother does not confer any additional rights to the daughter in the presence of an adopted son, who remains the sole heir [Paras 16-18].

Decision – Appeal dismissed – Held – Orders of the High Court upheld – Plaintiff's claim for partition rejected, as adopted son deemed sole heir from the date of the father's death – No order as to costs [Para 18].

Criminal Law – Bail Conditions – Proportionality – Bail conditions must have a nexus to the purpose they serve and be proportional – Court emphasized that conditions leading to the deprivation of rights and liberties must be avoided – Blanket prohibition on social media activity deemed disproportionate and violating freedom of speech [Paras 29-30].

Criminal Procedure – Consolidation of FIRs – Multiple FIRs arising from the same set of tweets – Supreme Court directed the transfer of all FIRs to the Special Cell of Delhi Police for a consolidated investigation – Disbandment of the Special Investigation Team (SIT) by Uttar Pradesh Police [Paras 22-23].

Personal Liberty – Protection Against Harassment – Highlighted the misuse of criminal law for harassment – Emphasized the necessity for police officers to justify arrests and the need to avoid arbitrary detention – Cited principles from Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar [Paras 20, 27-28].

Decision – Writ Petition Partly Allowed – Held – Interim bail granted to the petitioner in all FIRs upon filing a personal release bond – All existing and future FIRs related to the tweets to be transferred to the Special Cell of Delhi Police – Petitioner's liberty to seek quashing of FIRs in High Court of Delhi preserved – Protective order against future arrests based on the same tweets extended [Paras 31-32].