Challenge to EC Notifications - Exemption for Extraction of Ordinary Earth – Appeals against the National Green Tribunal’s decision on the exemption for extraction, sourcing, or borrowing of ordinary earth for linear projects - Impugned notification and amended impugned notification dated 28th March 2020 and 30th August 2023, respectively, under scrutiny - EC exemptions granted by these notifications examined for legality and arbitrariness under the Environment (Protection) Act and Constitution [Paras 1-4, 6-7, 20-21, 25-27].

Non-Compliance with Rule 5 Procedure - Failure of Central Government to follow the mandatory procedure under Rule 5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 - Dispensing with public notice requirement without proper justification - Issue of legality in invoking sub-rule (4) of Rule 5 during the COVID-19 lockdown without evident public interest or urgency [Paras 18-24].

Arbitrary and Vague Exemptions - Exemption under item 6 in impugned notifications deemed arbitrary due to lack of clear guidance and safeguards - Unspecified quantum and area for earth extraction, undefined scope of "linear projects," and lack of regulatory authority or mechanism for enforcement - Violation of Article 14 due to unguided blanket exemption [Paras 25-27, 31-32].

Environmental Protection Obligations - Importance of public participation in environmental matters emphasized - Protection and improvement of environment as fundamental objectives under the Environment (Protection) Act - Need for detailed regulatory framework to balance development with environmental protection [Paras 15, 22-23, 28-29].

Decision - Supreme Court partly allows the appeals - Strikes down item 6 in both the impugned notification dated 28th March 2020 and the amended impugned notification dated 30th August 2023 - Item 6 deemed illegal and struck for non-compliance with Rule 5 and arbitrariness under Article 14 [Para 32].

Criminal Appeal – Acquittal of Rape Charges –  Appeal by accused challenging conviction by the Trial Court under Sections 342, 376, and 201 of IPC – High Court affirmed the conviction – Supreme Court analysis based on evidence, including WhatsApp conversations and circumstantial aspects – Held, the evidence of the prosecutrix does not inspire confidence due to the consensual nature of the relationship and lack of evidence of forcible intercourse – Conviction overturned and appellant acquitted. [Paras 1-24]

Consent in Rape Cases – Analysis and Consideration – Court examines consent in rape allegations – Considered continuous and consensual communication between the appellant and prosecutrix, mutual travel, and absence of resistance or complaint – Noted absence of injuries or resistance – Held, circumstances and evidence indicate consensual relationship rather than rape – Acquittal based on failure of prosecution to prove charges beyond reasonable doubt. [Paras 12-16, 18-19]

Section 114A of Evidence Act – Inapplicability  – Court discusses applicability of Section 114A of the Evidence Act, which presumes absence of consent in rape prosecutions – Held, Section 114A not applicable as the appellant was not charged under the specific clause of IPC required for the presumption to operate – Prosecution required to prove non-consent, which it failed to do. [Paras 11, 17]

Admissibility of WhatsApp Conversations – Legal Principles – Court addresses the admissibility of WhatsApp conversations without a Section 65B certificate under the Evidence Act – Found that even if admitted, such evidence does not conclusively prove non-consent or forcible intercourse in the present case. [Paras 20-21]

Decision – Acquittal on Rape Charges –  Court acquits appellant Pankaj Singh of all charges due to insufficient evidence of non-consensual intercourse – Sets aside lower courts’ convictions – Appellant’s bail bond cancelled and pending applications disposed of. [Paras 22-25]

Criminal Law – Circumstantial Evidence – Acquittal – The Supreme Court in this appeal set aside the judgments of the Karnataka High Court and the trial court, leading to the acquittal of the appellants. The case hinged on circumstantial evidence, and the apex court found that the circumstances were insufficient to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. [Para 8-19]

Last Seen Theory – Re-evaluated – The Court examined the 'last seen' theory, finding that the mere presence of the appellants near the crime scene, without clear evidence showing the deceased was last seen with them, could not lead to a conclusion of guilt. This evaluation undermined a critical aspect of the prosecution's argument. [Para 12-14]

Motive – Inconclusive Evidence – The High Court's reversal of the trial court's finding on motive was upheld, as the prosecution failed to provide convincing evidence to establish a motive for the crime. This further weakened the prosecution's case. [Para 15]

Recovery of Weapon – Insufficient to Establish Guilt – The recovery of the weapon from an open area accessible to many was not deemed sufficient to conclusively link the appellants to the crime. The Court highlighted that reliance on this sole factor was inadequate for a conviction. [Para 16]

Conviction under Section 304 Part-I of IPC – Lack of Explanation – The Court noted that the High Court's modification of the conviction from Section 302 to Section 304 Part-I of IPC was without adequate reasoning, which contributed to the decision to set aside the conviction. [Para 17]

Decision – Acquittal – Supreme Court concluded that the prosecution failed to establish the chain of circumstances required for a conviction based solely on circumstantial evidence. Consequently, the appellants were acquitted of all charges. [Para 18-19]

Taxation – State Sales Tax – Silk Fabrics – The Supreme Court addressed the question of whether the Delhi Government was authorized to levy a state sales tax on silk sarees, considering the provisions of the Delhi Sales Tax Act, 1975, the Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act, 1957, and the interplay with the Constitution of India. The primary issue was the applicability of different tax rates on silk fabrics and the legal ramifications of these changes. [Para 1-4, 6]

Interpretation of Legislative Provisions – Silk Sarees as 'Declared Goods' – The appellant contended that silk sarees, being 'declared goods' under the ADE Act, were exempt from state sales tax. The Supreme Court examined this contention in the light of various legislative acts and constitutional provisions, specifically focusing on the implications of the ADE Act and the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956. [Para 3, 6-7]

Legality of Tax Levy – The Court assessed the legality of the Delhi Government's imposition of state sales tax on silk sarees. The examination included a detailed analysis of legislative changes, historical amendments, and the distribution of tax proceeds under different acts. The interpretation of specific provisions of the Delhi Sales Tax Act and the ADE Act formed a significant part of the judgment. [Para 5-7, 9]

Decision – Upholding of Tax Levy – The Supreme Court upheld the Delhi High Court's judgment, affirming the Delhi Government's right to levy state sales tax on silk sarees. It was held that the changes in the legislative framework and the specifics of the Delhi Sales Tax Act allowed for such a levy, notwithstanding the provisions of the ADE Act and the CST Act. The Court concluded that the levy of state sales tax on silk sarees was legally valid. [Para 8-10]

 Railways Act, 1989 – Interpretation – Section 106(3) – Distinction between Overcharge and Illegal Charge – The Supreme Court undertook a detailed analysis of Section 106(3) of the Railways Act, 1989, delineating the conceptual distinction between an 'overcharge' and an 'illegal charge.' An 'overcharge' is defined as any sum charged in excess of what was legally payable, while an 'illegal charge' denotes a sum which is impermissible or unlawful under the law. The Court clarified that the rigors of Section 106(3), requiring a notice of claim for a refund of overcharge within six months, are applicable only when the claim pertains specifically to an overcharge. [Para 59-98]

Railways Act, 1989 – Section 106(3) – Timeliness of Refund Claims – The Court emphasized the importance of the time factor in asserting claims under Section 106(3) of the Railways Act. It was held that the 6-month period for claiming a refund of an overcharge begins from the date of payment, provided the sum paid was an overcharge at that time. The Court explained that the provision is intended to ensure timely enquiry into factual errors at the grass-root level and to prevent belated and possibly unjustified refund claims. [Para 89-93]

Railways Act, 1989 – Equity and Legal Redress – The Court also recognized scenarios where a charge may not be an overcharge or an illegal charge, yet might be refundable on equitable grounds. It was observed that the determination of the nature of a charge, whether overcharge, illegal charge, or valid charge, and its refundability should be ascertained upon a comprehensive evaluation of each case’s facts. [Para 96-98]

Statutory Interpretation – Principle – In interpreting statutes like the Railways Act, the Court underscored the need for reasonable and just application, avoiding absurdities and ensuring that statutory provisions are in harmony with the intent of the legislature and principles of natural justice. [Para 82-84]

Railways Act, 1989 – Interpretation of Chargeable Distance – The Supreme Court examined the issue of what constitutes a correct chargeable distance under the Railways Act, 1989, in the context of freight charges levied by the railways. The apex court scrutinized the change in the methodology for calculating chargeable distance and its impact on the freight charges for the route from Refinery Baad to Hisar. [Paras 99-113, 125-128]

Distinction Between 'Overcharge' and 'Illegal Charge' – Clarified – In a significant exposition, the Court elaborated on the distinction between 'overcharge' and 'illegal charge'. It was held that an 'overcharge' refers to charges in excess of what is prescribed by law due to clerical or computational errors. In contrast, an 'illegal charge' denotes a charge which is fundamentally in contravention of the law. [Paras 43, 45-47, 62-70, 73-77, 90-94]

Applicability of Section 106(3) of the Railways Act, 1989 – Analyzed – The Court discussed the applicability of Section 106(3) of the Railways Act, 1989, which deals with claims for a refund of an overcharge. The Court held that this provision applies strictly to cases of 'overcharge' and not to 'illegal charges'. [Paras 99, 104-107, 122-124, 137-138]

Evaluation of Change in Chargeable Distance – The Court evaluated the change in the notified chargeable distance from 444 km to 334 km for the route from Refinery Baad to Hisar. It was observed that such a significant change in distance could not solely be attributed to a change in the methodology for rounding off distances. [Paras 109-114, 126-128, 130-132]

Ruling on Correctness of Notified Chargeable Distance – The Supreme Court ultimately held that the originally notified chargeable distance of 444 km was illegal. The Court based this conclusion on the absence of changes in the route or the physical track length and the inherent error in the old distance table used for calculating the chargeable distance. [Paras 137-138]

Decision – Dismissal of Appeal – Concluding that the originally notified chargeable distance was illegal, the Court dismissed the appeals filed by the appellant railways. The respondents were found not to be liable for the freight charges based on the incorrect chargeable distance. [Paras 139-141]

Criminal Law – Custom Law- Misuse of Warehousing Facility - Confiscation and Duty Imposition - Appellant accused of misusing warehousing facility by not properly storing imported machinery - Confiscation, duty, and penalty imposed on 27 missing cases and 264 cases found outside the warehouse - Imposition based on Sections 111, 112, and 71 of Customs Act. [Paras 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15]

Permission to Store Goods Outside Warehouse - Appellant argued that permission was granted by the Superintendent under Section 64(d) to store goods outside the bonded warehouse due to heavy rain - Commissioner's and CESTAT's interpretation challenged, stating removal of goods was temporary and not unauthorized. [Paras 13, 14, 49, 50, 51]

Interpretation of Warehousing Regulations under Customs Act – Held – The Court found that 264 cases of goods found outside the notified warehouse but within the appellant’s premises were not unauthorisedly removed. The permission granted by the Superintendent was valid, and the appellant exercised rights under Section 64(d) of the Customs Act. However, the court held the appellant responsible for 27 missing cases, deeming them unauthorisedly removed. [Para 50-54, 58]

Reevaluation of Applicable Sections - Supreme Court found that Section 15(1)(c), not 15(1)(b), applied as warehousing period was still operational - Decision in Kesoram case distinguished - Invalid application of Section 71 by respondent and CESTAT for 264 cases - Appropriate calculation of duty for 264 cases under Section 15(1)(c) to be done within eight weeks. [Paras 56, 57, 58]

Sustenance of Demand and Penalty for 27 Missing Cases - Supreme Court upheld demand of customs duty and interest on 27 missing cases - Penalty under Section 112 maintained due to unauthorized removal of these cases. [Para 58]

Modification of CESTAT Order - CESTAT order modified accordingly - Appeal allowed in part without costs. [Para 59]

Quashing of FIR and Charge-sheet – Criminal Appeal by A.M. Mohan against High Court order rejecting his petition to quash FIR for cheating – FIR lodged for offenses under Section 420 read with Section 34 IPC involving financial transactions and real estate deals – Supreme Court finds no role of inducement or dishonest intention attributed to appellant in FIR or charge-sheet – Held that continuing proceedings against appellant is abuse of process of law, resulting in miscarriage of justice - FIR and consequent charge-sheet against appellant quashed. [Paras 1-25]

Role of Accused in Cheating – Analysis – Held – finds no substantial evidence of intentional inducement or fraudulent behavior by the appellant in the transactions. Notes that transactions involving the appellant were straightforward and without deception, differing from the actions of co-accused. [Para 19-20]

Jurisdiction under Section 482 of Cr.P.C. – Application – Court reiterates principles for exercise of jurisdiction to quash criminal proceedings, emphasizing the need to avoid misuse of criminal proceedings in civil disputes and to prevent abuse of the process of law. [Para 9-11, 21-23]

Decision – Quashing of FIR and Charge-Sheet against Appellant – The Supreme Court quashes the FIR and the charge-sheet against the appellant, citing lack of evidence of his involvement in the alleged cheating and fraudulent transaction. The proceedings are deemed to be an abuse of the process of law with respect to the appellant. [Para 24-25]

Insurance Law – Consumer Protection – Insurance Claim Repudiation –  challenge against the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission's decision, which upheld the repudiation of an insurance claim by SBI General Insurance Company Limited due to alleged fraudulent and exaggerated claims by M/s. Kozyflex Mattresses Private Limited. The apex court delved into the factual matrix and the procedural aspects of the insurance claim. [Para 1-7, 9-10]

Definition of 'Person' under Consumer Protection Act, 1986 – interpreted – affirmed that the definition of 'person' in the Act of 1986 is inclusive and not exhaustive. The Court observed that the Consumer Protection Act, being a beneficial legislation, mandates a liberal interpretation. The subsequent inclusion of 'body corporate' in the Act of 2019 indicated a legislative intent to rectify earlier exclusions. [Para 15]

Commercial Purpose in Insurance Policy – distinguished –  Court differentiated the current matter from cases where the insurance policy was solely for commercial purposes. It held that the policy in question, titled 'Standard Fire and Special Perils Policy(Material Damage)', was specifically to cover risks like fire and not purely for commercial gain. [Para 16]

Right to Fair Hearing – reiterated – Court emphasized the importance of fair hearing, noting that the insured-appellant was not provided with timely copies of the surveyor’s and investigators’ reports, thus denying an opportunity to effectively rebut them. The Court underscored the need for procedural fairness in adjudicating insurance claims. [Para 17-18]

Remand for Fresh Consideration – directed – court set aside the impugned order and remanded the matter to the National Commission for a fresh decision after allowing the insured-appellant to file rebuttals to the reports submitted by the insurer. The Court directed that the reconsideration should be on merits and without prejudice by the observations made in the current judgment. [Para 19-20]

Decision – Remand to National Commission – Supreme Court remanded the matter to the National Commission for fresh adjudication, ensuring a fair hearing by permitting the insured-appellant to submit a detailed rebuttal against the reports which formed the basis for the claim’s repudiation. [Para 21-22]

Service Law - Armed Forces – Medical Fitness –Misdiagnosis HIV and Dismissal - Appeal against the dismissal of the appellant from the Indian Army due to a misdiagnosis of AIDS - Medical report wrongly diagnosed neuro tuberculosis as AIDS defining illness, leading to discharge under Rule 13 (3) of the Army Rules, 1954 - Incorrect application of medical guidelines and overlooking of CD4 cell count criteria - Appellant discharged at 27 after 8 years of service. [Paras 1-2, 7, 8]

Medical Diagnosis and Procedure – Wrongful Diagnosis of AIDS – Held – The Court found significant lapses in the medical diagnosis process, including a failure to properly assess the appellant's condition in line with the prevailing medical standards and guidelines. The Court criticized the lack of proper examination by a neurologist and the reliance on outdated guidelines, leading to a wrongful diagnosis of AIDS. [Para 7-8, 10-11]

Policy and Guidelines – Application and Interpretation – Analyzed – The Court scrutinized the application and interpretation of various guidelines and policies related to the medical discharge of armed forces personnel, particularly those who are HIV positive. The Court noted a shift in policy over time, focusing on the change in criteria from solely an HIV positive diagnosis to the inclusion of CD4 cell count. [Para 3, 7-9, 14-16]

Rights of HIV Positive Individuals – Discrimination and Stigma – Discussed – The Court addressed the issues of discrimination and stigma faced by individuals diagnosed as HIV positive, especially in the context of employment and social treatment. It emphasized the need for sensitivity and adherence to scientific standards in dealing with such cases. [Para 25, 28]

Compensation – Award for Wrongful Discharge – Granted – The Court awarded compensation to the appellant for wrongful termination of service, psychological trauma, and financial losses incurred due to the incorrect medical diagnosis and subsequent discharge. The Court also directed the grant of pension as if the appellant had continued his service until retirement. [Para 23-27]

Compensation and Pension - Award of Rs.50,00,000/- compensation for wrongful termination, unpaid leave encashment, and non-reimbursed medical expenses - Entitlement to pension as if continued in service and retired as Havaldar, without any promotions - Consideration of allowances/increments for pension computation. [Paras 23, 26]

Setting Aside of AFT Judgment - Supreme Court sets aside AFT's judgment, allowing the civil appeal - Acknowledges inability to fully compensate the appellant’s ordeal but hopes for financial compensation to act as a balm. [Paras 27-28]