Service Law – Temporary Employment – Lien – Respondent appointed temporarily as Project Director for Child Labour Elimination & Rehabilitation Society without proper advertisement – Appointment and subsequent salary increment were in violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution – Respondent joined another post on deputation and was repatriated but not permitted to rejoin the Society – High Court quashed advertisement for new appointment, restoring respondent’s claim​​.

Lien and Abandonment of Service – Legal Definition – Lien connotes the civil right to hold the post substantively – Requires appointment in accordance with law, confirmation, and permanent status – Respondent had no lien as initial appointment was temporary and not in accordance with law – Voluntarily abandoned post by joining another department without permission – No legal right to challenge new advertisement or reclaim the position​​.

Judicial Review – Appellate Intervention – High Court misdirected in addressing irrelevant issues – Decision based on flawed understanding of service law and respondent’s status – Supreme Court set aside High Court and Single Judge orders, allowing the appeal​​.

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court and Single Judge orders set aside – Respondent’s claim to rejoin the post invalidated – No costs​​.

Criminal Law – Further Investigation vs. Reinvestigation – Scope – The Trial Court has jurisdiction to direct further investigation under Section 173(8) CrPC, but not fresh or de novo investigation once a report under Section 173(2) has been filed – Higher courts can order a fresh investigation if necessary to ensure fair investigation and justice​​.

Legal Framework – Investigating Agencies – Investigating agencies can conduct further investigations even after filing a charge sheet if new evidence emerges – Such further investigation must be filed as a supplementary report and treated in continuation with the initial report – Courts must examine all reports and decide based on cumulative evidence​​.

Judicial Review – Superior Courts – Superior courts can exercise powers under Articles 226 and 32 of the Constitution to direct further investigation, fresh investigation, or reinvestigation in exceptional cases to ensure a fair process and justice – Such orders should explicitly mention the status of previous investigations and reports​​.

Decision: Appeals allowed in part – High Court's order set aside – Case remanded to the Additional Sessions Judge to proceed based on the CBI's closure report and in accordance with law – Directions provided for the fair evaluation of all investigative reports​​.

Criminal Law – FIR – Multiple FIRs for Same Incident – The court held that there cannot be more than one FIR in relation to the same incident or occurrence – Investigating agency has no right to re-examine by registering another FIR for the same offence – A subsequent FIR is permissible only if it relates to distinct and separate incidents, even if the offences are similar or different – Second FIR not permissible for the same incident under Section 154 of the Code​​.

Judicial Review – Revisional Jurisdiction – High Court’s power to set aside Magistrate’s order – High Court’s order directing the registration of FIR and investigation was beyond its revisional jurisdiction – The Magistrate had not committed any jurisdictional error in refusing to register a second FIR​​.

Right to Hearing – Accused’s Rights Pre-registration of FIR – Suspects do not have the right to a pre-registration hearing of an FIR – The principles of natural justice do not require a hearing at the stage of FIR registration – Legislative intent excludes such a right to ensure proper and fair investigation without the interference of suspects at the initial stage​​.

Decision: Appeal allowed – High Court’s order set aside – Chief Judicial Magistrate’s order restored – No second FIR to be registered for the same incident – Directions for fair investigation to proceed based on the existing FIR​​.

Criminal Law – Acquittal of Co-Accused – Acquittal of a co-accused per se does not result in acquittal of the other accused – Court must screen the entire evidence and does not extend the threat of falsity to universal acquittal – Court must examine prosecution evidence to decide the effect of acquittal of one accused on another​​.

FIR – Multiple FIRs – There cannot be more than one FIR for the same incident – Ex. 1/3 was treated as the FIR and not Ex. 7 (G.D. Entry), which was a cryptic telephone message and not detailed enough to be an FIR under Section 154 CrPC – Second FIR not permissible for the same incident​​.

Delay in FIR – Explanation – Delay in lodging the FIR explained by the distance and effort required to inform the police – Telephonic information did not provide details sufficient for an FIR – Written complaint given upon police arrival treated as the FIR​​.

Witness Testimony – Quantity vs. Quality – The quality of evidence is more important than the quantity – Reliable and cogent evidence from key witnesses (PW1, PW5, PW6) supported by medical and investigative reports established the case beyond reasonable doubt – Non-examination of certain witnesses did not prejudice the case of the prosecution​​.

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Conviction and life sentence under Section 302 IPC and Section 9(b)(ii) of the Explosives Act upheld – Prosecution evidence found reliable and consistent​​.

Dying Declaration – Sole Basis for Conviction – Court held that a dying declaration can be the sole basis for conviction if it is true, reliable, and recorded in accordance with law – In this case, the dying declaration made by Rani, the deceased, was found to be credible and was recorded by the SDJM in the presence of a doctor who certified her fitness to make the statement – The declaration clearly implicated the appellant in pouring kerosene and setting her on fire​​.

Hostile Witnesses – Credibility – Testimony of hostile witnesses cannot be completely disregarded – Portions of their statements that support the prosecution case can still be considered – In this case, although key witnesses (PW1, PW3, PW4) were declared hostile, their statements partially corroborated the dying declaration and other evidence​​.

Evidence Evaluation – Injuries on Accused – The defense argued that the appellant sustained injuries while attempting to save the deceased, suggesting his non-involvement in the crime – However, the court found this explanation unconvincing as the dying declaration and other evidence consistently implicated the appellant​​.

Decision: Appeal dismissed – High Court’s judgment convicting the appellant under Sections 302, 498A IPC upheld – The dying declaration was found to be truthful and reliable, providing sufficient basis for the conviction​​.

Criminal Law – Attachment of Property – Section 146(1) CrPC – SDM attached property in dispute following a police report indicating possible breach of peace – Civil court had already been approached for an injunction on the same property – Court held SDM exceeded jurisdiction by attaching the property when the possession was not disputed, and the matter was already before the civil court​​.

Scope of Sections 145 and 146 CrPC – Preventing Breach of Peace – The purpose of Section 145 is to prevent breach of peace by maintaining status quo concerning possession – Section 146(1) allows attachment only in cases of emergency or inability to determine possession – Court found no emergency or inability to determine possession, making the attachment under Section 146(1) CrPC improper​​.

Judicial Review – Concurrent Jurisdiction – Civil and Criminal Courts – When a civil court is seized of the matter, the criminal court should not intervene by attaching property – The civil court is competent to decide on possession and injunctions, making the SDM's order redundant and beyond jurisdiction​​.

Decision: Appeal allowed – Order of SDM attaching the property set aside – High Court's order affirming SDM's decision also set aside – Civil court directed to decide on the interim application for injunction without influence from SDM's order – Appellant's undertaking not to change the character of the property or create third-party rights till civil court's decision recorded​​.

Representing Advocates:

Ambrish Kumar, Ajai Kumar Bhatia, and Sunil Kumar Jain for the Appellant

Vivek Gupta and Saket Agrawal for the Respondent

Criminal Law – Circumstantial Evidence – Reliability – Conviction based on circumstantial evidence can be sustained if the chain of events is complete and points unmistakably to the guilt of the accused – The prosecution established various circumstances which collectively formed a complete chain linking the accused to the crime – Inconsistencies in witness statements regarding the time of the incident were deemed immaterial​​.

Plea of Alibi – Disbelief and Adverse Inference – The plea of alibi put forth by the accused was disbelieved due to contradictions and lack of credible evidence – The court drew adverse inferences from the absence of a satisfactory explanation by the accused under Section 313 CrPC – Failure to provide a plausible explanation for the victim's injuries and death supported the prosecution's case​​.

Witness Credibility – Related and Hostile Witnesses – Statements of relatives of the deceased were found to be credible and corroborated by medical evidence – Hostile witnesses' partial support to the prosecution case was considered – The testimony of interested witnesses was accepted as it was consistent and trustworthy​​.

Medical Evidence – Professional Lapses – The post mortem report and testimony of the medical officer indicated injuries consistent with assault, supporting the prosecution's case – Both the investigating officer and the medical officer were found to have conducted their duties improperly, and disciplinary actions were directed against them​​.

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Conviction and life sentence under Section 302/34 IPC upheld – Directions for disciplinary actions against the investigating officer and the medical officer for their professional lapses​​.

Review Jurisdiction – Scope and Limitations – Review petitions are confined to the principles of Order 47 Rule 1 CPC – Error apparent on the face of the record must be evident per se and not require elaborate argument – Review cannot be used to reargue the case on merits​​.

CBI Investigation – Jurisdiction and Consent – Constitution Bench settled that High Courts can direct CBI investigations without State consent in exceptional circumstances under Articles 32 and 226 – Such powers must be exercised sparingly and only to ensure credibility and confidence in investigations​​.

Review of Judgment – Specific Errors – The direction for CBI to report to the Union of India was found to be beyond the scheme of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act – CBI, as an independent body, is not required to seek further instructions from the Union of India – Directions modified accordingly​​.

Private Individuals – Scope of Inquiry – Dimple Yadav, having no public office or involvement in the activities under scrutiny, should not have been included in the inquiry – Review allowed for her exclusion from the CBI investigation​​.

Decision: Review petitions disposed of with modifications – CBI to drop inquiry against Dimple Yadav – CBI to take independent action based on its inquiry without reporting to the Union of India​​.

Technical Education – AICTE Approval – Shifting of College Premises – The Appellant, Parshavanath Charitable Trust, shifted its engineering college to a new location without obtaining prior approval from AICTE and without No Objection Certificates from the University of Mumbai and the State Government. Despite this, AICTE granted temporary approvals for the academic years 2008-2010. However, later AICTE issued a show cause notice and eventually withdrew the approval in 2011 due to non-compliance with mandatory regulations​​.

Procedural Compliance – Legal Requirements – AICTE Regulations require prior approval for shifting the location of an institution and submission of specific documents including land ownership or lease deed and occupancy certificate from the local municipal authority. The Appellant’s failure to meet these requirements justified AICTE's withdrawal of approval​​.

Judicial Review – High Court’s Intervention – The Bombay High Court dismissed the Appellant’s writ petition challenging the AICTE’s withdrawal of approval. The High Court emphasized that the Appellant did not comply with the essential requirements of obtaining No Objection Certificates and an occupancy certificate before shifting the college premises​​.

Decision: Appeal dismissed – AICTE’s action of withdrawing approval upheld – High Court's order affirmed. Directions provided for reallocation of affected students to other recognized and affiliated colleges to ensure continuity in their education​​.